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1. Procedure Manual Appendix XII. Summary of Evidence Table for Evidence Reviews | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-xii-summary-evidence-table-evidence-reviews
   July 01, 2017 - Consistency is the degree to which contributing studies estimate the same direction of effect (i.e., … Moderate We are moderately confident that the estimate of effect lies close to the true effect for … Low We have limited confidence that the estimate of effect lies close to the true effect for this outcome … Insufficient We have no evidence, we are unable to estimate an effect, or we have no confidence in … the estimate of effect for this outcome.

2. Procedure Manual Appendix XII. Summary of Evidence Table for Evidence Reviews | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-xii-summary-evidence-table-evidence-reviews
   July 01, 2017 - Consistency is the degree to which contributing studies estimate the same direction of effect (i.e., … Moderate We are moderately confident that the estimate of effect lies close to the true effect for … Low We have limited confidence that the estimate of effect lies close to the true effect for this outcome … Insufficient We have no evidence, we are unable to estimate an effect, or we have no confidence in … the estimate of effect for this outcome.

3. Evidence Summary: Hormone Therapy in Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary28/menopausal-hormone-therapy-preventive-medication
   November 01, 2022 - When a meta-analytic estimate was absent, RRs of outcomes of interest were based primarily on publications … (based on 1 RCT 16 ) During cumulative follow-up, number of events that contributed to effect estimate … During cumulative follow-up, 123 events in 9786 persons contributed to effect estimate Intervention … During cumulative follow-up, 223 events in 9786 persons contributed to effect estimate Intervention … During cumulative follow-up, 349 events in 16,608 persons contributed to effect estimate (based on

4. Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Rn7dRezgMx5syB-erQKoKt
   November 01, 2022 - (based on 1 RCT16) During cumulative follow-up, number of events that contributed to effect estimate … During cumulative follow-up, 63 events in 10 739 persons contributed to effect estimate Intervention … During cumulative follow-up, 123 events in 9786 persons contributed to effect estimate Intervention … During cumulative follow-up, 223 events in 9786 persons contributed to effect estimate Intervention … During cumulative follow-up, 517 events in 7645 persons contributed to effect estimate Intervention

5. Update on Methods: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/update-methods-estimating-certainty-and-magnitude-net-benefit
   April 01, 2019 - How Does the Task Force Estimate the Certainty of Net Benefit? … How Does the Task Force Estimate the Magnitude of Net Benefit? … 2) How does the Task Force estimate the certainty of net benefit? … How Does the Task Force Estimate the Certainty of Net Benefit? … How Does the Task Force Estimate the Magnitude of Net Benefit?

6. Archived: Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit: Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screening, December 2007 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/update-on-the-methods-of-the-us-preventive-services-task-force-estimating-certainty-and-magnitude-of-net-bene%EF%AC%81t/carotid-artery-stenosis-screening-december-2007
   December 15, 2007 - How Does the Task Force Estimate the Certainty of Net Benefit? … How Does the Task Force Estimate the Magnitude of Net Benefit? … 2) How does the Task Force estimate the certainty of net benefit? … and 3) How does the Task Force estimate the magnitude of net benefit? … It can, however, put boundaries around the estimate of net benefits.

7. Overdiagnosis in Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/KT7vaWK_JSDNNvEmUAjN8d
   May 01, 2018 - Because empirical data to estimate overdiagnosis is quite limited for prostate cancer screening, modeling … Walter and Day8 extended the work of Zelen and Feinleib7 by showing that the model-based estimate of … The lead time approach to estimate overdiagnosis is also conceptually simple. … time are then used to estimate the frequency of overdiagnosis. … PSA screening is superimposed to estimate lead time.

8. Overdiagnosis in Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFile/1/16812/prostate-models-overdiagnosis/pdf
   May 01, 2018 - Because empirical data to estimate overdiagnosis is quite limited for prostate cancer screening, modeling … Walter and Day8 extended the work of Zelen and Feinleib7 by showing that the model-based estimate of … The lead time approach to estimate overdiagnosis is also conceptually simple. … time are then used to estimate the frequency of overdiagnosis. … PSA screening is superimposed to estimate lead time.

9. Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/4y3P9DxovKMEjNmVd2mrPp
   December 01, 2007 - 2) How does the Task Force estimate the certainty of net benefit? … and 3) How does the Task Force estimate the magnitude of net benefit? … WHAT EVIDENCE DOES THE TASK FORCE CONSIDER TO ESTIMATE NET BENEFIT? … HOW DOES THE TASK FORCE ESTIMATE THE CERTAINTY OF NET BENEFIT? … HOW DOES THE TASK FORCE ESTIMATE THE MAGNITUDE OF NET BENEFIT?

10. Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/inline-files/benefit.pdf
    December 01, 2007 - 2) How does the Task Force estimate the certainty of net benefit? … and 3) How does the Task Force estimate the magnitude of net benefit? … WHAT EVIDENCE DOES THE TASK FORCE CONSIDER TO ESTIMATE NET BENEFIT? … HOW DOES THE TASK FORCE ESTIMATE THE CERTAINTY OF NET BENEFIT? … HOW DOES THE TASK FORCE ESTIMATE THE MAGNITUDE OF NET BENEFIT?

11. Let's Talk About It: Starting Aspirin to Prevent Heart Disease and Stroke (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/inline-files/lets-talk-about-it-aspirin-cvd-prevention-guide.pdf
    April 25, 2022 - To estimate a person’s risk for heart disease and stroke, healthcare professionals can use a CVD risk … research is needed on how to improve risk calculation so that healthcare professionals can better estimate … /calculate/estimate/ http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org

12. Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Death From Mammography Screening (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFileByID/1932
    April 01, 2015 - Objective: To estimate distributions of radiation-induced breast cancer incidence and mortality under … Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium to estimate the probability of a false-positive screening mammogram

13. Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Death From Mammography Screening (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/BMh7ctXLmgRXhC4CVZGJNH
    April 01, 2015 - Objective: To estimate distributions of radiation-induced breast cancer incidence and mortality under … Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium to estimate the probability of a false-positive screening mammogram

14. Evidence Summary: Hormone Therapy in Postmenopausal Women: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/menopausal-hormone-therapy-preventive-medication
    December 12, 2017 - b Point estimate is slightly different from estimate reported in Manson et al 15 because of the use … 5 RCTs 15 , 21-23 , 36 , 48 , 49 , 61 , 77 ; 239 events in 10,739 women contribute to effect estimate … 3 y) Moderate 4 RCTs 21 , 22 , 29 , 44 ; 422 events in 11,310 women contribute to effect estimate … Undetected None High 1 RCT 68 , 69 , 78 ; 47 events in 2947 women contribute to effect estimate … Menopausal Women Without Intact Uterus 1 RCT 77 ; 1 event in 1017 women contribute to effect estimate

15. Archived: Evidence Summary: Hormone Therapy in Postmenopausal Women: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/menopausal-hormone-therapy-preventive-medication-december-2017
    December 12, 2017 - b Point estimate is slightly different from estimate reported in Manson et al 15 because of the use … 5 RCTs 15 , 21-23 , 36 , 48 , 49 , 61 , 77 ; 239 events in 10,739 women contribute to effect estimate … 3 y) Moderate 4 RCTs 21 , 22 , 29 , 44 ; 422 events in 11,310 women contribute to effect estimate … Undetected None High 1 RCT 68 , 69 , 78 ; 47 events in 2947 women contribute to effect estimate … Menopausal Women Without Intact Uterus 1 RCT 77 ; 1 event in 1017 women contribute to effect estimate

16. Archived: Modeling Report: Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Death From Mammography Screening (Abstract): Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/modeling-report-radiation-induced-breast-cancer-and-breast-c/breast-cancer-screening-january-2016
    April 20, 2015 - addition to the systematic reviews of the evidence, the USPSTF commissioned a decision analysis to estimate

17. Procedure Manual Section 5. Modeling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-section-5-modeling
    July 05, 2017 - The purpose of either of these is to estimate the population impact of a given preventive service. … Outcomes tables derived from systematic reviews apply evidence from the systematic review alone to estimate … model can link natural history, population characteristics, and screening or treatment effectiveness to estimate … net benefit, but the magnitude is difficult to determine; or when the empirical evidence provides an estimate

18. Procedure Manual Section 5. Modeling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-section-5-modeling
    July 05, 2017 - The purpose of either of these is to estimate the population impact of a given preventive service. … Outcomes tables derived from systematic reviews apply evidence from the systematic review alone to estimate … model can link natural history, population characteristics, and screening or treatment effectiveness to estimate … net benefit, but the magnitude is difficult to determine; or when the empirical evidence provides an estimate

19. Screening for Skin Cancer (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/hAtvvyktSrBv8au38g7HnP
    May 08, 2017 - Screening Tests Evidence is inadequate to estimate the accuracy of neck palpation or ultrasound of the

20. Procedure Manual Section 6. Methods for Arriving at a Recommendation | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-section-6-methods-arriving-recommendation
    July 06, 2017 - benefits in a population with a lower prevalence of disease than the study population in which the estimate … This approach does not require an exact estimate of the magnitude of harm, but rather a determination … may also be thought of as the width of the conceptual confidence interval given by the evidence to estimate … In this case, there is a better (although not precise) estimate of the magnitude of benefit, harm, and … Therefore, the Task Force attempts to estimate the likelihood that the benefits and harms reported in