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1. Procedure Manual Appendix XII. Summary of Evidence Table for Evidence Reviews | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-xii-summary-evidence-table-evidence-reviews
   July 01, 2017 - Consistency is the degree to which contributing studies estimate the same direction of effect (i.e., … Moderate We are moderately confident that the estimate of effect lies close to the true effect for … Low We have limited confidence that the estimate of effect lies close to the true effect for this outcome … Insufficient We have no evidence, we are unable to estimate an effect, or we have no confidence in … the estimate of effect for this outcome.

2. Archived: Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit: Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screening, December 2007 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/update-on-the-methods-of-the-us-preventive-services-task-force-estimating-certainty-and-magnitude-of-net-bene%EF%AC%81t/carotid-artery-stenosis-screening-december-2007
   December 15, 2007 - How Does the Task Force Estimate the Certainty of Net Benefit? … How Does the Task Force Estimate the Magnitude of Net Benefit? … 2) How does the Task Force estimate the certainty of net benefit? … and 3) How does the Task Force estimate the magnitude of net benefit? … It can, however, put boundaries around the estimate of net benefits.

3. Overdiagnosis in Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/KT7vaWK_JSDNNvEmUAjN8d
   May 01, 2018 - Because empirical data to estimate overdiagnosis is quite limited for prostate cancer screening, modeling … Walter and Day8 extended the work of Zelen and Feinleib7 by showing that the model-based estimate of … The lead time approach to estimate overdiagnosis is also conceptually simple. … time are then used to estimate the frequency of overdiagnosis. … PSA screening is superimposed to estimate lead time.

4. Overdiagnosis in Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFile/1/16812/prostate-models-overdiagnosis/pdf
   May 01, 2018 - Because empirical data to estimate overdiagnosis is quite limited for prostate cancer screening, modeling … Walter and Day8 extended the work of Zelen and Feinleib7 by showing that the model-based estimate of … The lead time approach to estimate overdiagnosis is also conceptually simple. … time are then used to estimate the frequency of overdiagnosis. … PSA screening is superimposed to estimate lead time.

5. Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/4y3P9DxovKMEjNmVd2mrPp
   December 01, 2007 - 2) How does the Task Force estimate the certainty of net benefit? … and 3) How does the Task Force estimate the magnitude of net benefit? … WHAT EVIDENCE DOES THE TASK FORCE CONSIDER TO ESTIMATE NET BENEFIT? … HOW DOES THE TASK FORCE ESTIMATE THE CERTAINTY OF NET BENEFIT? … HOW DOES THE TASK FORCE ESTIMATE THE MAGNITUDE OF NET BENEFIT?

6. Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/inline-files/benefit.pdf
   December 01, 2007 - 2) How does the Task Force estimate the certainty of net benefit? … and 3) How does the Task Force estimate the magnitude of net benefit? … WHAT EVIDENCE DOES THE TASK FORCE CONSIDER TO ESTIMATE NET BENEFIT? … HOW DOES THE TASK FORCE ESTIMATE THE CERTAINTY OF NET BENEFIT? … HOW DOES THE TASK FORCE ESTIMATE THE MAGNITUDE OF NET BENEFIT?

7. Let's Talk About It: Starting Aspirin to Prevent Heart Disease and Stroke (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/inline-files/lets-talk-about-it-aspirin-cvd-prevention-guide.pdf
   April 26, 2022 - To estimate a person’s risk for heart disease and stroke, healthcare professionals can use a CVD risk … research is needed on how to improve risk calculation so that healthcare professionals can better estimate … /calculate/estimate/ http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org

8. Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Death From Mammography Screening (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/BMh7ctXLmgRXhC4CVZGJNH
   April 01, 2015 - Objective: To estimate distributions of radiation-induced breast cancer incidence and mortality under … Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium to estimate the probability of a false-positive screening mammogram

9. Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Death From Mammography Screening (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFileByID/1932
   April 01, 2015 - Objective: To estimate distributions of radiation-induced breast cancer incidence and mortality under … Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium to estimate the probability of a false-positive screening mammogram

10. Procedure Manual Section 5. Modeling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-section-5-modeling
    July 05, 2017 - The purpose of either of these is to estimate the population impact of a given preventive service. … Outcomes tables derived from systematic reviews apply evidence from the systematic review alone to estimate … model can link natural history, population characteristics, and screening or treatment effectiveness to estimate … net benefit, but the magnitude is difficult to determine; or when the empirical evidence provides an estimate

11. Archived: Modeling Report: Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Death From Mammography Screening (Abstract): Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/modeling-report-radiation-induced-breast-cancer-and-breast-c/breast-cancer-screening-january-2016
    April 20, 2015 - addition to the systematic reviews of the evidence, the USPSTF commissioned a decision analysis to estimate

12. Procedure Manual Section 6. Methods for Arriving at a Recommendation | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-section-6-methods-arriving-recommendation
    July 06, 2017 - benefits in a population with a lower prevalence of disease than the study population in which the estimate … This approach does not require an exact estimate of the magnitude of harm, but rather a determination … may also be thought of as the width of the conceptual confidence interval given by the evidence to estimate … In this case, there is a better (although not precise) estimate of the magnitude of benefit, harm, and … Therefore, the Task Force attempts to estimate the likelihood that the benefits and harms reported in

13. Archived: Evidence Summary: Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-latent-tuberculosis/latent-tuberculosis-infection-screening-september-2016
    September 06, 2016 - The pooled estimate for sensitivity of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold IGRA was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.74–0.81; I 2 … The pooled estimate for specificity was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92–0.98; I 2 = 79.1% [5 studies; n = 1810]) … Pooled Estimate (95% CI) I 2 , % No. of Studies Participants, No. … b One study 78 could not be included in the DerSimonian-Laird pooled estimate owing to a point estimate … c One study 69 could not be included in the pooled estimate owing to a point estimate of 1.0 for sensitivity

14. Screening for Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse of Elderly and Vulnerable Adults: Clinical Summary of USPSTF Recommendation (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/y83rH_8hHRzgJ5cFJxZKos
    The USPSTF was not able to estimate the magnitude of net benefit for screening all elderly or vulnerable

15. Screening for Ovarian Cancer: Review (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/cTa7Hs56-yj4kCr7yXLdRm
    July 01, 1994 - Using the relative risks reported by Kerlikowske and colleagues (16), we can estimate that a family … $ Summary estimates were calculated as an average weighted estimate ; according to sample size. … The summary estimate of the sensi­ tivity of ultrasound for detection of cancer is 85% and the specificity … § Summary estimates were calculated as an average weighted estimate according to sample size. … This model has also been used to estimate the cost per year of life saved by an annual screening program

16. Archived: Evidence Summary: Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Death: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-radiation-induced-breast-cancer-and-breast-/breast-cancer-screening-january-2016
    January 11, 2016 - Objective:  To estimate distributions of radiation-induced breast cancer incidence and mortality from … We used data from the BCSC, DMIST, and other sources in 2 simulation models to estimate radiation exposure … women or the specific types of work-up after an abnormal screening result; thus, it cannot be used to estimate … We could not estimate 95% CIs for deaths averted with screening because of the computational complexity … MISCAN-Fadia model were combined with the mean radiation dose from the radiation exposure model to estimate

17. Archived: Genital Herpes Infection: Serologic Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/genital-herpes-screening-november-2016
    December 20, 2016 - of neonatal HSV infection as 9.6 cases per 100,000 births (95% CI, 4.3 to 12.0). 16 The most recent estimate … serologic test for genital HSV-2 infection approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, has a pooled estimate … of sensitivity of 99% (95% CI, 97 to 100) and a pooled estimate of specificity of 83% (95% CI, 72 to … 91). 22 A second test, the Biokit HSV-2 Rapid Test (Biokit USA), has a pooled estimate of sensitivity … However, antiviral medications are generally considered to have few harms in nonpregnant adults. 21 Estimate

18. Evidence Summary: Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/low-dose-aspirin-use-for-the-prevention-of-morbidity-and-mortality-from-preeclampsia-preventive-medication
    September 28, 2021 - Sensitivity analyses were conducted to estimate pooled effects under more and less conservative statistical … Size of each box (point estimate of each study) reflects the Weight column indicating the influence an … Size of each box (point estimate of each study) reflects the Weight column indicating the influence an … Size of each box (point estimate of each study) reflects the Weight column indicating the influence an … Size of each box (point estimate of each study) reflects the Weight column indicating the influence an

19. untitled (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/y_ApQN4Tw4RtnoWWrofH8d
    December 20, 2016 - sufficient to determine the effects of the preventive service on health outcomes, but confidence in the estimate … logic test for genital HSV-2 infection approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, has a pooled estimate … of sensitivity of 99% (95% CI, 97%-100%) and a pooled estimate of specificity of 83% (95% CI, 72%-91% … ).22 A second test, the biokit HSV-2 Rapid Test (Biokit USA), has a pooled estimate of sensitivity of … However, an- tiviral medications are generally considered to have few harms in nonpregnant adults.21 Estimate

20. Archived: Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Population-Based Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Evidence Synthesis: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/cost-effectiveness-analyses-of-population-based-screening-for-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-evidence-synthesis/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-february-2005
    February 15, 2005 - Is the best available evidence used to estimate effectiveness? Are long-term outcomes used? … Are the best available data used to estimate costs? … This latter estimate is similar to Lee, et al.' … In generating the latter result, Lee, et al. 7  maintained the baseline AAA prevalence estimate of 7 … representing a valid perspective clinically relevant to the topic h) Not using best evidence to estimate