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1. Draft Research Plan: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/vision-screening-children-ages-6-months-5-years
   April 24, 2025 - opacity, astigmatism, and abnormal visual acuity (which includes substantial isoametropic refractive error … b Determination of refractive error will be based on age-appropriate standards.   … Does screening for amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children ages 6 months to 5 years … What are the harms of screening for amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children ages … What are the harms of treatment of amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children ages

2. Final Research Plan: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/vision-screening-children-ages-6-months-5-years
   July 24, 2025 - between the two eyes [anisometropia of hyperopia, myopia, or astigmatism, 2) significant refractive error … b Determination of refractive error will be based on age-appropriate standards.  … What are the harms of screening for amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children ages … What are the harms of treatment of amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children ages … Clarified the working definition of refractive error for this review.

3. Archived: Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/impaired-visual-acuity-in-older-adults-screening-2016
   March 01, 2016 - Corrective lenses improve visual acuity in patients with a refractive error. … Standardized visual acuity tests are good at identifying refractive error. … Several studies evaluated the harms of treatment of refractive error, cataracts, and AMD. … Data on harms of treatment of refractive error in older adults are limited. … Effective treatments are available for uncorrected refractive error, cataracts, and AMD.

4. Archived: Evidence Summary: Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1-5: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary5/visual-impairment-in-children-ages-1-5-screening-2011
   January 15, 2011 - Treatments for amblyopia or unilateral refractive error were associated with mild improvements in visual … Conclusions: Although treatments for amblyopia or unilateral refractive error can improve vision in … : 5% (6/113); strabismus: 4% (5/113); refractive error + strabismus: 1% (1/113); media opacity: 1% (1 … : 41% (41/102); strabismus without refractive error: 7% (7/102); strabismus with refractive error: 21% … : 41% (41/102); strabismus without refractive error: 7% (7/102); strabismus with refractive error: 21%

5. Screening Older Adults for Impaired Visual Acuity: A Review of the Evidence for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/7eLc5kBtomL_HKpYDwsFPf
   July 01, 2009 - Effective treatments are available for uncorrected refractive error, cataracts, and AMD. … Uncorrected Refractive Error Corrective Lenses. … Uncorrected Refractive Error Corrective Lenses. … Treatment of uncorrected refractive error improves vision-specific quality of life. … correction of refractive error.

6. Archived: Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/impaired-visual-acuity-in-older-adults-screening-2009
   July 15, 2009 - The USPSTF found adequate evidence that early treatment of refractive error, cataracts, and AMD improves … Although the USPSTF found adequate evidence that treatment of refractive error improves visual acuity … Evidence from a few trials indicates that immediate correction of refractive error with eyeglasses in … Data on harms of treatment of refractive error in older adults are limited. … Effective treatments are available for uncorrected refractive error, cataracts, and AMD.

7. Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/DCfAJZvNDzSYu7NqLJX2bv
   March 01, 2016 - 5 Does treatment of early impairment in visual acuity due to uncorrected refractive error, cataracts … Does treatment of early impairment in visual acu- ity due to uncorrected refractive error, cataracts, … Refractive Error We identified no new study on harms of treatment for uncorrected refractive error compared … Treatment of uncorrected refractive error improves vision-specific quality of life. … correction of refractive error.

8. Vision Screening in Children Aged 6Months to 5 Years: Evidence Report and Systematic Review (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Jwn6dWRHvK3C9oJCV6hLKc
   September 05, 2017 - on screening for and treatment of amblyopia, its risk jamaophthalmology.com factors, and refractive error … ) and its associated risk factors (Table 1), nonamblyopic strabismus and nonamblyo­ pic refractive error … Does screening for amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children aged 6 months to 5 … b Determination of refractive error is based on age-appropriate standards. … Intertester agreement in refractive error measurements.

9. Recommendation: Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/impaired-visual-acuity-screening-older-adults
   May 24, 2022 - Corrective lenses improve visual acuity in patients with a refractive error. … tests available for vision screening in primary care include the pinhole test (a test for refractive error … for identifying patients at higher risk of impaired visual acuity because of uncorrected refractive error … Myopic and hyperopic refractive error in adults: an overview. … Complex trait genetics of refractive error. Arch Ophthalmol . 2007;125(1):38-48. 23. Congdon NG.

10. Recommendation: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/vision-in-children-ages-6-months-to-5-years-screening
    September 05, 2017 - Treatments Primary treatment includes correction of any underlying refractive error with the use of … Other common causes of vision abnormalities are nonamblyopic strabismus and nonamblyopic refractive error … Visual acuity tests screen for visual deficits associated with amblyopia and refractive error. … Treatment depends on the specific condition and includes correction of any underlying refractive error … and in the moderate range for detecting refractive error or strabismus. 1 Ocular Alignment Tests

11. Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Younger than Age 5 Years - Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/thMRXgCVQmNUsYo6dmXEc3
    May 01, 2004 - that screening tests have reasonable accuracy in identifying strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error … causes of visual impairment in children are: (1) amblyopia and its risk factors and (2) refractive error … Refractive error not associated with amblyopia principally includes myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia … Photoscreening can detect amblyogenic risk factors such as strabismus, significant refractive error, … Discussion Visual impairment caused by refractive error, amblyopia, strabismus, and astigmatism is a

12. Vision Screening in Children Aged 6Months to 5 Years: Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/wyAJqjxBX_dHMF3WdA7WNt
    September 05, 2017 - Other common causes of vision abnormali­ ties are nonamblyopic strabismus and nonamblyopic refractive error … Visual acuity tests screen for visual deficits associated with amblyopia and refractive error. … between the 2 eyes that causes image suppression in the eye with the larger error Astigmatism Blurred … opacity, and visual acuity Autorefraction (automated Autorefractive screening Estimates refractive error … and in the mod­ erate range for detecting refractive error or strabismus.1 Ocular Alignment Tests

13. Clinical Summary: Vision Screening in Children Aged 6 Months to 5 Years (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/LSFY2VhFxKToKkvJjYCzn7
    Treatments Primary treatment includes correction of any underlying refractive error with the use of corrective

14. Archived: Letter to the Editor and Response from the Evidence-Based Practice Center: Human Papillomavirus Testing to Screen for Cervical Cancer: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/letter-to-the-editor-and-response-from-the-evidence-based-practice-center--human-papillomavirus-testing-to-screen-for-cervical-cancer/cervical-cancer-screening-2012
    February 15, 2012 - Ronco and colleagues for pointing out our error in contrasting a higher cumulative cancer detection after … Fortunately, this error was only in the manuscript and not in our draft report the USPSTF used for its … The error was introduced when we omitted proportional cancer results from tables as we were editing to … This error has now been corrected to indicate that cotesting trials tended to find fewer cancers cumulatively

15. Archived: Evidence Summary: Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1-5: Screening, 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/visual-impairment-in-children-ages-1-5-screening-2004
    May 13, 2004 - amblyopia, other rarer conditions associated with amblyopia such as cataracts or ptosis, and refractive error … to measure visual acuity with Amblyopia Treatment Study visual acuity testing protocol; refractive error … for at least 4 wks; does not meet study criteria for amblyopia associated with strabismus, refractive error … /anisometropia, or both Amblyopia associated with strabismus, refractive error/anisometropia, or both

16. Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/B73a4kJhxeaYyXK6gozbbY
    May 24, 2022 - that effective treatments are available for common causes of impaired visual acuity such as refractive error … What is the diagnostic accuracy of screening for impaired visual acuity due to uncorrected refractive error … is the diagnostic accuracy of screening for im- paired visual acuity due to uncorrected refractive error … screening tests for impaired visual acuity due to visual condi- tions such as cataracts, refractive error … for identify- ing patients at higher risk of impaired visual acuity due to uncor- rected refractive error

17. Vision Screening for Children 1 to 5 Years of Age: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/AkQC-rTVEsusNWG_TmWWtd
    February 01, 2011 - Strabismus Ocular misalignment; most common cause of amblyopia Anisometropia Asymmetric refractive error … between the 2 eyes, which causes image suppression in the eye with the larger error.

18. Archived: Rh(D) Incompatibility: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/rhd-incompatibility-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - specific when done correctly, 1 , 36 but it is subject to substantial laboratory and technologist error … large or too late in pregnancy to be prevented by the standard antepartum dose). 3 , 38 , 39 Human error

19. Archived: Evidence Summary: High Blood Pressure in Adults, Children, and Adolescents: Screening, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/high-blood-pressure-adults-children-adolescents-screening-2003
    April 01, 2003 - As noted by the USPSTF in 1996: 5 , p.40 "Examples of instrument error include manometer dysfunction, … However, home blood pressure monitoring is subject to the same sources of measurement error as office

20. Archived: Evidence Summary: High Blood Pressure in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary19/high-blood-pressure-in-adults-screening-monitoring-october-2015
    December 22, 2014 - settings. 5–9 To help address these issues, newer measurement methods have been developed to reduce error … (systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥95 mm Hg) and used a research design that minimized human error … Measurement error and regression to the mean may contribute to false-positive screening results with … provides multiple measurements over time in a nonmedical setting, which potentially avoids measurement error … diagnostic accuracy of automated oscillometric BP devices 1 unique study that probably minimized human error