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21. Methods Guide for Medical Test Reviews Chapter 9 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-tests-performance_methods.pdf
    July 01, 2012 - the test under review and the “reference standard” are not conditionally independent (i.e., when an error … in one is more or less likely when there is an error in the other). … PSA detection method was compared to a non-PSA based reference standard that would not be prone to error … Performance of Deming regression analysis in case of misspecified analytical error ratio in method … A cautionary note on the robustness of latent class models for estimating diagnostic error without

22. Disposition of Comments_Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 246: Management of High-Need, High-Cost Patients: A "Best Fit" Framework Synthesis, Realist Review, and Systematic Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/hnhc-disposition-comments.pdf
    October 29, 2021 - corrected several minor spacing and copyediting errors, including pluralization errors, a spelling error … o We corrected a numerical error in Table 1 and summation error in Table 13.

23. S13 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s13.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - These studies may be sus- ceptible to systematic error, including selection bias, exposure misclassification … They may also be vulnerable to random error, or confounding by a variable such as another drug, a disease … Thus, investigators need to worry about 3 types of study design errors: random error, systematic error

24. Continuous-Outcomes-Quantitative-Synthesis Methods (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/continuous-outcomes-quantitative-synthesis_methods.pdf
    March 01, 2011 - score from baseline, and measures of precision are reported as standard deviation (SD), standard error … Calculating Standard Deviation and Standard Error When They Are Not Directly Reported Commonly used … Occasionally trial authors may confuse standard deviation and standard error. … should be included in a meta- analysis using imputed standard deviation or standard error. … RoM = ratio of means, SD = standard deviation, SE = standard error, SMD = standard mean difference

25. A Bayesian Missing Data Framework for Multiple Continuous Outcome Mixed Treatment Comparisons (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/indirect-comparisons_research-2013.pdf
    January 01, 2013 - Our missing data approaches had better power and Type I error than previous Bayesian methods in our … missing data or correlation between outcomes can produce biased MTC estimates leading to high Type I error … This rate should be around 0.5 under the Type I error setting. … Simulation results when ; Type I error, Power1, and Power2 in terms of ; Pr( ) is in parentheses . … Simulation results when ; Type I error, Power1, and Power2 in terms of ; Pr( ) is in parentheses .

26. Methods Research Report: Performance and Usability of Machine Learning for Screening in Systematic Reviews (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-report-machine-learning-screening.pdf
    November 01, 2019 - Major issues included a slow server speed, constant pop-ups and error messages, loss of data (i.e., … Sample Calculations Proportion Missed (i.e., error) Of the studies included in the final report, the … messages was unclear; pop-ups and error messages were very distracting; screening decisions would … Once logged in, the server was extremely slow, and there were multiple pop-ups and error messages, … “I was getting several error messages while screening, and was unable to complete the screens” “I

27. Ebctandcfinal (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/ebctandcfinal.pdf
    October 08, 2025 - part of the entry process of the AHRQ Evidence-Based Care (EBC) Challenge;  Technical or human error

28. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/diagnostic-errors-emergency

29. Quantitative Synthesis Chapter 3. Choice of Statistical Model for Combining Studies (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/ehc-presentation-quantitative-synthesis-chapter-3.pdf
    February 01, 2018 - − Differences between studies owe not just to sampling error, the true treatment effect also varies … DL) estimator is the most common random effect model.1 ► DL estimator does not accurately reflect error … • DL estimator ► Appropriate when between-study heterogeneity is low ► Does not accurately reflect error

30. Methods Guide for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews - Avoiding Bias in Selecting Studies (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-bias_methods.pdf
    February 01, 2013 - ......................................................................................... 6 Random Error … Even when reviewers have a common understanding of the selection criteria, random error or mistakes … due to many subjective decisions regarding what to include, potentially resulting in at least random error … key questions may not always define the comparison, which may introduce both random and systematic error … • Dual review can help reduce random error in applying inclusion and exclusion criteria • Examine

31. Disposition of Comments for Technical Brief 27 Patient Safety (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/ambulatory-safety_disposition-comments.pdf
    October 19, 2016 - KI Reviewer #4 General 2) include perspectives other than "error"-based perspectives on preventing … as dosing errors, to medication reconciliation issues and even (an often overlooked but important error … There is considerable opportunity for error related to communication failures within the care team … However, a key limitation is the restriction to an "error"-focused perspective. … We have corrected the typo KI Reviewer #7 Clarity & Usability p. 22, line 30-31, spelling error.

32. Asthma-Immunotherapy-2011 Research (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/asthma-immunotherapy-2011_research.pdf
    January 01, 2011 - in place of subjects).111 Because of the small sample size and the lack of an analytical standard error … Strategies to reduce bias and type II error NR=not reported J=justified NJ=not justified RSB= … Fleiss’ standard error: ( ) ( ) ( )[ ] ( ) ( )[ ]2 32 1 2232 )1( 2)( EP pmEPmEP mNm KSE j − … Fleiss, Nee, and Landis corrected the standard error: ( ) ( ) ( )∑∑ ∑ == = −−      × … AC1 Statistics Standard Error The authors did not use statistical models that may be the most

33. EHC Protocol: Addressing Social Isolation To Improve Health of Older Adults: A Rapid Evidence Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/mhs4-computerized-cds-protocol.pdf
    May 08, 2023 - clinical decision support N/A Outcome • Clinical outcomes o Adverse drug event rates o Medication error

34. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/medical-test-reviews-options-summarizing.ppt
    June 01, 2012 - Regression can be used, which accounts for measurement error, or a Bland-Altman analysis, which is a … Studies have shown that PSA testing is prone to misclassification error. … A cautionary note on the robustness of latent class models for estimating diagnostic error without a … Estimation of test error rates, disease prevalence and relative risk from misclassified data: a review … A cautionary note on the robustness of latent class models for estimating diagnostic error without a

35. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medical-test-reviews-options-summarizing.ppt
    June 01, 2012 - Regression can be used, which accounts for measurement error, or a Bland-Altman analysis, which is a … Studies have shown that PSA testing is prone to misclassification error. … A cautionary note on the robustness of latent class models for estimating diagnostic error without a … Estimation of test error rates, disease prevalence and relative risk from misclassified data: a review … A cautionary note on the robustness of latent class models for estimating diagnostic error without a

36. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/diagnostic-errors-emergency-updated/research

37. Ch 3-User-Guide-To-Ocer 130129 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/ch_3-user-guide-to-ocer_130129.pdf
    September 21, 2012 - If we make a Bonferroni correction for multiple testing in order to maintain the correct Type-I error … probability, we would be further increasing the Type-II error probability, which increases the likelihood … strategy Prespecified in complete detail Prespecified Not prespecified Control of familywise type I error … essential since the goal is not to test hypotheses Not essential Characterization of sampling error … susceptible to confounding by indication, ascertainment biases in exposure to treatment, measurement error

38. Slide 1
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/estimation-and-reporting_chapter-3.pptx
    January 01, 2013 - analysis Prespecified in complete detail Prespecified Not prespecified Control of familywise type I error … not essential since the goal is not to test hypotheses Not essential Characterization of sampling error … susceptible to confounding by indication, ascertainment biases in exposure to treatment, measurement error

39. Layout 1 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/registries-guide_executive.pdf
    April 01, 2007 - determined, the registry design should be reviewed to evaluate potential sources of bias (systematic error … It should be based on identifying the most important or likely sources of error or potential lapses in … design, conduct, and analysis of the trial or registry can be shown to protect against bias (systematic error … part of a risk-based strategy that focuses on detecting and quantifying the most likely causes of error … and the types of error that are most likely to impact the registry purpose.

40. Cer-276-Ocd-Appendix-G (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-276-ocd-appendix-g.xlsx
    January 01, 2022 - consensus diagnosis 8496131 Fisher 1993 GPA DISC-2.1 DISC-2.1 Child DI NR 93 17 76 0.65 65 OCD only ERROR … NR none NA 8496131 Fisher 1993 GPA DISC-2.1 DISC-2.1 Combined DI NR 93 17 76 0.88 88 OCD only ERROR … NR NR none NA 8496131 Fisher 1993 GPA DISC-2.1 DISC-2.1 Parent DI NR 93 17 76 0.53 53 OCD only ERROR … LOI-CV Short LOI-CV 5 OCD vs WCON 0.83 (0.66-1.01) 0.09 59 9 NA 0.78 78 0.7 70 0.32 0.95 2.59 7 2 ERROR … Bamber 2002 DWS LOI-CV Short LOI-CV 5 DOD vs WCON NR NR 59 14 NA 0.77 77 0.7 70 0.4 0.92 2.57 11 3 ERROR