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1. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/diagnostic-errors-emergency/protocol
   December 21, 2020 - Objectives for the Systematic Review The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) has called diagnostic error … public health imperative." 1  The emergency department (ED) is a known high-risk site for diagnostic error … (e.g., at the time of the error—high ED patient volume or severity of illness, night or weekend shift … ., per 10,000 visits) in calculating overall error rates in the ED. … For KQ2, focused on error and harm rates, these may be expressed differently in different studies.

2. Executive Summary for CER No. 258_Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-258-diagnostic-errors-summary.pdf
   December 01, 2022 - suffer an adverse event as a result, and about 370,000 (0.3%) suffer serious harms from diagnostic error … Variation in diagnostic error rates by disease are striking (range 1.5% for myocardial infarction to … • For a given disease, nonspecific or atypical symptoms increase the likelihood of error. … • Variation in diagnostic error rates across specific hospital EDs is wide. … Reducing Diagnostic Error: Measurement Considerations – Final Report. 2020.

3. Medication Errors | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/health-topics/medication-errors/

4. Refractive Errors | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/health-topics/refractive-errors

5. S158 (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s158.pdf
   October 01, 2007 - standard variable as dependent variable and the error-prone variable and variables measured without error … This error can be estimated in an external validation study using data on additional confounders. … When we adjusted this estimate for the measurement error in the error-prone PS (as estimated by comparison … : the case of multiple covariates measured with error. … Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models. London, England: Chapman & Hall; 1995. 40.

6. A Bayesian Missing Data Framework for Multiple Continuous Outcome Mixed Treatment Comparisons | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/indirect-comparisons/research-2013
   January 10, 2013 - We also offer simulation studies to check our method's Type I error, power, and the probability of incorrectly … Our missing data approaches had better power and Type I error than previous Bayesian methods in our simulation … missing data or correlation between outcomes can produce biased MTC estimates leading to high Type I error

7. Slide 1
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/exposure-definition-and-measurement_chapter-4.pptx
   January 01, 2013 - Potential biases should be recognized and actions taken to reduce error and bias. … The more precisely an exposure is measured, the less the measurement error. … Differential misclassification occurs when the error in the exposure measurement is dependent on the … Potential biases should be recognized and actions taken to reduce error and bias. … Potential biases should be recognized and actions taken to reduce error and bias.

8. Methods Guide for Medical Test Reviews (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-tests-bias_methods.pdf
   July 01, 2012 - and degree of findings, the relevance of the study, and the risk of bias in the form of systematic error … Guide for Medical Test Reviews, we focus on the evaluation of risk of bias in the form of systematic error … Quality assessment—a broad term used to encompass the examination of factors such as systematic error … The first question relates to both systematic error (lack of accuracy, here termed bias) and random … error (lack of precision).

9. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medical-test-reviews-risk-bias.ppt
   June 01, 2012 - The evaluation process includes an examination of the following factors: Systematic error Random error … Relates to both systematic error (lack of accuracy/bias) and random error (lack of precision) Is the … Question one relates to both the study’s systematic error and its random error. … Systematic error is a lack of accuracy (also referred to as bias), whereas random error is a lack of … Degree of random error.

10. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/medical-test-reviews-risk-bias.ppt
    June 01, 2012 - The evaluation process includes an examination of the following factors: Systematic error Random error … Relates to both systematic error (lack of accuracy/bias) and random error (lack of precision) Is the … Question one relates to both the study’s systematic error and its random error. … Systematic error is a lack of accuracy (also referred to as bias), whereas random error is a lack of … Degree of random error.

11. Bayesian Approaches to Indirect Comparisons | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/indirect-comparisons/abstract
    September 22, 2011 - preliminary simulation study to compare classical and Bayesian operating characteristics (e.g., mean squared error … for estimation or prediction, or Type I error and power for hypothesis testing) of the two approaches

12. Slide 1
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/study-size-planning-chapter-9.pptx
    January 01, 2013 - Needed study size depends on the chosen type 1 error rate (α) and required statistical power. … PMID: 19808754. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19808754 Confounding bias, measurement error, and … because randomization has overcome the potential confounding, the protocol has reduced measurement error … Report the type I error level. … Report the statistical power or type II error level (for study size calculations) or the assumed sample

13. Ch 9-User-Guide-To-Ocer 130129 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/ch_9-user-guide-to-ocer_130129.pdf
    September 21, 2012 - Finally, needed study size depends on the chosen Type I error rate (a) and the required statistical … 3 0.50 0.100 0.050 80% 435 544 4 0.50 0.100 0.050 90% 592 728* All calculations assume a Type I error … because randomization has overcome the potential confounding, the protocol has reduced measurement error … - The Type I error level. … - The statistical power or Type II error level (for study size calculations) or the assumed sample

14. Quantitative Synthesis: Chapter 2. Presenting Different Effects for Different Data Types (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/ehc-presentation-quantitative-synthesis-chapter-2.pdf
    February 01, 2018 - A B n1 Control C D n2 Where: RR = risk ratio VLN(RR) = variance of risk ratio SELN(RR) = standard error … A B n1 Control C D n2 Where: OR = odds ratio VLN(OR) = variance of odds ratio SELN(OR) = standard error … ► SMD is computed as the mean effect divided by a pooled estimate of the standard error, putting … Where: mT = mean of treatment group mC = mean of control group Spooled = pooled standard error 5. … 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶2 + 2𝑟𝑟𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 Where: r = within-person correlation SET/C/P = standard error

15. Simulation-Based Comparison of Methods for Meta-Analysis of Proportions and Rates | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/metanalysis-proportion-rate-comparison/research
    November 04, 2013 - performance of each method relative to the true values set in the simulation by their mean squared error … The bias, mean square error and coverage of these approximate methods are very sensitive to the choice

16. Making Healthcare Safer IV: Programs for Responding to Harms Experienced by Patients during Clinical Care (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/clinical-care-protocol.pdf
    January 01, 2024 - Association of open communication and the emotional and behavioural impact of medical error on patients … Wisdom in Medicine: What Helps Physicians After a Medical Error? … Error disclosure: a new domain for safety culture assessment. … Liability claims and costs before and after implementation of a medical error disclosure program. … Effect of a health system's medical error disclosure program on gastroenterology-related claims rates

17. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department | Effective Health Care Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/webform/products/diagnostic-errors-emergency/submit-sead
    Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department Open for submission until 11:59 p.m. eastern time on Mon, 01/18/2021 - 00:00 Back to Protocol Submit Information Packet Name * Upload Information Packet * Select 'Browse...' or 'Choose File' to upload a file. Only *.DOCX, *.DOC, *.PDF and *.ZIP files can be uploaded. …

18. Assessing the Quality of Individual Studies (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/assessing-quality.ppt
    January 01, 2010 - design and conduct can be shown to protect against systematic bias, nonsystematic bias, and inferential error … 10481816 Consider the Contribution of an Individual Study to the Body of Evidence Quality (systematic error … and inferential error, type of study) Size of study (nonsystematic or random error) Direction and magnitude … study and the type of design influence the evaluation of the risk of systematic bias and inferential error … The size of the study could result in nonsystematic or random error; it influences considerations of

19. EHC Protocol: Addressing Social Isolation To Improve Health of Older Adults: A Rapid Evidence Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/mhs4-computerized-cds-protocol.pdf
    May 08, 2023 - clinical decision support N/A Outcome • Clinical outcomes o Adverse drug event rates o Medication error

20. Evaluating Practices and Developing Tools for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy: Methods for the Joint Meta-Analysis of Multiple Tests (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/diagnostic-tests-accuracy_research.pdf
    January 01, 2013 - Four-Dimensional 1.96-Standard-Error Volumes for Separate and Joint Meta-Analyses 29 ! … Formulas for Within-Study Covariance Matrices and for 1.96-Standard Error Volumes ! … Bonferroni’s inequality offers a simple adjustment to control the type I error. … (The type I error rate for the rectangle ! … Formulas for Within-Study Covariance Matrices and for 1.96-Standard Error Volumes