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1. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 258_Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/diagnostic-error-executive-summary.pdf
   August 01, 2023 - Variation in diagnostic error rates by disease are striking (range 1.5% for myocardial infarction to … • For a given disease, nonspecific or atypical symptoms increase the likelihood of error. … • Variation in diagnostic error rates across demographic groups is present and sometimes fairly … • Variation in diagnostic error rates across specific hospital EDs is wide. … Reducing Diagnostic Error: Measurement Considerations – Final Report. 2020.

2. Refractive Errors | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/health-topics/refractive-errors

3. Medication Errors | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/health-topics/medication-errors

4. S158 (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s158.pdf
   October 01, 2007 - standard variable as dependent variable and the error-prone variable and variables measured without error … This error can be estimated in an external validation study using data on additional confounders. … When we adjusted this estimate for the measurement error in the error-prone PS (as estimated by comparison … : the case of multiple covariates measured with error. … Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models. London, England: Chapman & Hall; 1995. 40.

5. Slide 1
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/exposure-definition-and-measurement_chapter-4.pptx
   January 01, 2013 - Potential biases should be recognized and actions taken to reduce error and bias. … The more precisely an exposure is measured, the less the measurement error. … Differential misclassification occurs when the error in the exposure measurement is dependent on the … Potential biases should be recognized and actions taken to reduce error and bias. … Potential biases should be recognized and actions taken to reduce error and bias.

6. Methods Guide for Medical Test Reviews (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-tests-bias_methods.pdf
   July 01, 2012 - and degree of findings, the relevance of the study, and the risk of bias in the form of systematic error … Guide for Medical Test Reviews, we focus on the evaluation of risk of bias in the form of systematic error … Quality assessment—a broad term used to encompass the examination of factors such as systematic error … The first question relates to both systematic error (lack of accuracy, here termed bias) and random … error (lack of precision).

7. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medical-test-reviews-risk-bias.ppt
   June 01, 2012 - The evaluation process includes an examination of the following factors: Systematic error Random error … Relates to both systematic error (lack of accuracy/bias) and random error (lack of precision) Is the … Question one relates to both the study’s systematic error and its random error. … Systematic error is a lack of accuracy (also referred to as bias), whereas random error is a lack of … Degree of random error.

8. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/medical-test-reviews-risk-bias.ppt
   June 01, 2012 - The evaluation process includes an examination of the following factors: Systematic error Random error … Relates to both systematic error (lack of accuracy/bias) and random error (lack of precision) Is the … Question one relates to both the study’s systematic error and its random error. … Systematic error is a lack of accuracy (also referred to as bias), whereas random error is a lack of … Degree of random error.

9. Slide 1
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/study-size-planning-chapter-9.pptx
   January 01, 2013 - Needed study size depends on the chosen type 1 error rate (α) and required statistical power. … PMID: 19808754. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19808754 Confounding bias, measurement error, and … because randomization has overcome the potential confounding, the protocol has reduced measurement error … Report the type I error level. … Report the statistical power or type II error level (for study size calculations) or the assumed sample

10. Ch 9-User-Guide-To-Ocer 130129 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/ch_9-user-guide-to-ocer_130129.pdf
    September 21, 2012 - Finally, needed study size depends on the chosen Type I error rate (a) and the required statistical … 3 0.50 0.100 0.050 80% 435 544 4 0.50 0.100 0.050 90% 592 728* All calculations assume a Type I error … because randomization has overcome the potential confounding, the protocol has reduced measurement error … - The Type I error level. … - The statistical power or Type II error level (for study size calculations) or the assumed sample

11. Making Healthcare Safer IV: Programs for Responding to Harms Experienced by Patients during Clinical Care (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/clinical-care-protocol.pdf
    January 01, 2024 - Association of open communication and the emotional and behavioural impact of medical error on patients … Wisdom in Medicine: What Helps Physicians After a Medical Error? … Error disclosure: a new domain for safety culture assessment. … Liability claims and costs before and after implementation of a medical error disclosure program. … Effect of a health system's medical error disclosure program on gastroenterology-related claims rates

12. Quantitative Synthesis: Chapter 2. Presenting Different Effects for Different Data Types (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/ehc-presentation-quantitative-synthesis-chapter-2.pdf
    February 01, 2018 - A B n1 Control C D n2 Where: RR = risk ratio VLN(RR) = variance of risk ratio SELN(RR) = standard error … A B n1 Control C D n2 Where: OR = odds ratio VLN(OR) = variance of odds ratio SELN(OR) = standard error … ► SMD is computed as the mean effect divided by a pooled estimate of the standard error, putting … Where: mT = mean of treatment group mC = mean of control group Spooled = pooled standard error 5. … 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶2 + 2𝑟𝑟𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 Where: r = within-person correlation SET/C/P = standard error

13. Making Healthcare Safer IV_Rapid Response: Patient and Family Engagement (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/mhs-IV-rapid-response-patient-family-engagement.pdf
    October 01, 2023 - "health care error*"[tiab] OR "healthcare error*"[tiab] OR "medical fault*"[tiab] OR "medical mistake … *" OR "diagnostic error*" OR "diagnostic mistake*" OR "health care error*" OR "healthcare error*" OR … *" OR "diagnostic error*" OR "diagnostic mistake*" OR "health care error*" OR "healthcare error*" OR … *" OR "diagnostic error*" OR "diagnostic mistake*" OR "health care error*" OR "healthcare error*" OR … *" OR "diagnostic error*" OR "diagnostic mistake*" OR "health care error*" OR "healthcare error*" OR

14. Assessing the Quality of Individual Studies (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/assessing-quality.ppt
    January 01, 2010 - design and conduct can be shown to protect against systematic bias, nonsystematic bias, and inferential error … 10481816 Consider the Contribution of an Individual Study to the Body of Evidence Quality (systematic error … and inferential error, type of study) Size of study (nonsystematic or random error) Direction and magnitude … study and the type of design influence the evaluation of the risk of systematic bias and inferential error … The size of the study could result in nonsystematic or random error; it influences considerations of

15. Clinical-Care-Rapid-Review-Appendix-C (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/clinical-care-rapid-review-appendix-c.xlsx
    January 01, 2018 - Effect of a health system's medical error disclosure program on gastroenterology-related claims rates … Liability claims and costs before and after implementation of a medical error disclosure program. … However, the program evolved and responded to events where harm occurred independent of error. … If a medical error is found, an assignment of severity of injury is made. … NA If the adverse outcome was the result of medical error, the error is acknowledged and a sincere apology

16. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/diagnostic-errors-emergency/protocol

17. Evaluating Practices and Developing Tools for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy: Methods for the Joint Meta-Analysis of Multiple Tests (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/diagnostic-tests-accuracy_research.pdf
    January 01, 2013 - Four-Dimensional 1.96-Standard-Error Volumes for Separate and Joint Meta-Analyses 29 ! … Formulas for Within-Study Covariance Matrices and for 1.96-Standard Error Volumes ! … Bonferroni’s inequality offers a simple adjustment to control the type I error. … (The type I error rate for the rectangle ! … Formulas for Within-Study Covariance Matrices and for 1.96-Standard Error Volumes

18. Ch 4-User-Guide-To-Ocer 130129 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/ch_4-user-guide-to-ocer_130129.pdf
    January 01, 2010 - This chapter also discusses methods for avoiding nondifferential and differential measurement error, … The more precisely an exposure is measured, the less measurement error. … measurement error can introduce bias. … This measurement error can result in biased estimates either away from or towards the null, making … For the most part, this type of measurement error will bias the results toward the null hypothesis,

19. Disposition of Comments Report for Interventions for Feeding and Nutrition in Cerebral Palsy (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cerebral-palsy-feeding_disposition-comments.pdf
    March 20, 2013 - We have corrected the error in the references. … We have corrected the error in the references. … TEP Member #2 Results Pg. 29-35 check refs We have corrected the error in the references. … We have corrected the error in the references. … We have corrected the error in the references.

20. S166 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s166.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - variances are approximately equal (�), a direct comparison involving n studies would have standard error … proportional to �/�n , whereas an indirect comparison involving n studies would have standard error … Let �AB and SE(�AB) be the combined mean difference and corresponding standard error of the A versus … The comparison of B versus C is estimated as: �BC � �AB � �AC with corresponding standard error SEBC … with a corresponding indirect estimate with standard error, a combined estimate can be derived using