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1. Final Research Plan: Early Allergen Introduction to Prevent Food Allergies in Infants: Counseling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/early-food-allergen-introduction-infants-counseling
   September 05, 2024 - How is “increased risk” defined in the included trials? … Interventions KQs 1, 2: Counseling for early oral allergen * introduction in infants, as defined … effectiveness cannot be isolated Comparators KQs 1, 2: Usual care or later introduction, as defined …   Countries Countries categorized as “Very High” on the 2021–2022 Human Development Index (as defined … , according to design-specific criteria *Timing and frequency of early introduction will be defined

2. Archived: Final Research Plan: Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screening, December 2007 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan36/carotid-artery-stenosis-screening-december-2007
   January 23, 2014 - Does the evidence differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race, or ethnicity? 2. … Do the harms differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race, or ethnicity? 7c. … Do the harms differ for subgroups defined by comorbidities? 8a. … Do the harms differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race, or ethnicity? 8c. … Do the harms differ for subgroups defined by comorbidities?

3. Archived: Final Research Plan: Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screening, December 2007 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/ResearchPlanFinal/carotid-artery-stenosis-screening-december-2007
   January 23, 2014 - Does the evidence differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race, or ethnicity? 2. … Do the harms differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race, or ethnicity? 7c. … Do the harms differ for subgroups defined by comorbidities? 8a. … Do the harms differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race, or ethnicity? 8c. … Do the harms differ for subgroups defined by comorbidities?

4. Draft Research Plan: Early Allergen Introduction to Prevent Food Allergies in Infants: Counseling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/early-food-allergen-introduction-infants-counseling
   May 09, 2024 - How is “increased risk” defined in the included trials? 2. … Interventions KQs 1, 2: Counseling for early oral allergen * introduction in infants, as defined … by study KQs 3, 4: Early oral allergen * introduction in infants, as defined by study Alternative-milk … effectiveness cannot be isolated Comparators KQs 1, 2: Usual care or later introduction, as defined …   Countries Countries categorized as “Very High” on the 2021–2022 Human Development Index (as defined

5. Final Research Plan: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication
   May 14, 2020 - Does the effect vary between a priori subgroups defined by age, sex, 10-year cardiovascular risk, diagnosis … Does the effect vary between a priori subgroups defined by age, sex, 10-year cardiovascular risk, diagnosis … infarction or stroke, CRC incidence, CRC mortality, and all-cause mortality KQ 2: Major bleeding, defined … Studies conducted in countries categorized as “very high” on the 2017 Human Development Index, as defined … The availability of other subgroups, such as those defined by CRC risk, will be audited and addressed

6. Final Research Plan: Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening
   August 19, 2021 - *Multifactorial dyslipidemia is defined … as dyslipidemia not caused by familial hypercholesterolemia. † CVD events are defined as myocardial … * CVD events are defined as myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. … Included Excluded Condition FH or multifactorial dyslipidemia, * as defined by the study … Studies that take place in countries categorized as “Very High” on the 2019 Human Development Index (as defined

7. Final Research Plan: Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-screening
   March 14, 2019 - Note: “Screening” is defined … * “Chronic HBV infection” is defined by a positive HBsAg test result. … † “Evidence of HBV immunity” is defined as positive anti-HBs, negative HBsAg, and positive (cleared … ‡ “Isolated anti-HBc positive” is defined as positive anti-HBc test results but negative anti-HBs … § “Never exposed to HBV” is defined as negative anti-HBs, anti-HBc, and HBsAg test results.

8. Draft Research Plan: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/prostate-cancer-screening-adults
   October 12, 2023 - Do the benefits of PSA-based screening vary in populations defined by age, race, ethnicity, or family … Do the harms of PSA-based screening for prostate cancer vary in populations defined by age, race, ethnicity … Do the benefits of treatment vary in populations defined by age, race, ethnicity, or family history? … Do the harms vary in populations defined by age, race, ethnicity, or family history? … specialty care settings in countries categorized as “Very High” on the Human Development Index (as defined

9. Final Research Plan: Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/low-dose-aspirin-use-for-the-prevention-of-morbidity-and-mortality-from-preeclampsia-preventive-medication
   September 26, 2019 - Does the effectiveness of aspirin for reducing adverse health outcomes vary by subpopulations defined … Does the effectiveness of aspirin for reducing preeclampsia vary by subpopulations defined by personal … Do the harms of aspirin use to prevent preeclampsia vary by subpopulations defined by personal characteristics … stillbirth) Setting Countries categorized as “very high” on the 2017 Human Development Index (as defined

10. Final Research Plan: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/prostate-cancer-screening-adults
    December 21, 2023 - Do the benefits of PSA-based screening vary in populations defined by age, race,  ethnicity, or family … Do the harms of PSA-based screening for prostate cancer vary in populations defined by age, race, ethnicity … Do the benefits of treatment vary in populations defined by age, race, ethnicity, family history, or … Do the harms vary in populations defined by age, race, ethnicity, family history, or Gleason grade/tumor … specialty care settings in countries categorized as “Very High” on the Human Development Index (as defined

11. Archived: Final Research Plan: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan142/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening-january-2017
    October 30, 2014 - Does the evidence on screening for OSA in adults differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, body mass … Do the benefits of treatment differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, BMI, or OSA severity? 5a. … Do the benefits of treatment differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, BMI, or OSA severity? 6. … Do the harms of screening or diagnostic testing differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, or BMI? … Do the harms of treatment differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, BMI, or OSA severity?

12. Final Research Plan: Falls Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/falls-prevention-community-dwelling-older-adults-interventions
    July 21, 2022 - How is “increased risk” defined in the included trials? … Outcomes KQ 1: Falls Mortality (all-cause and fall-related) Fall-related morbidity, defined … care   Country Countries categorized as “Very High” on the 2019 Human Development Index (as defined

13. Evidence Summary: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    March 19, 2024 - Does the effectiveness of interventions differ by populations of interest (eg, defined by child or caregiver … Four studies reported SDOH-related outcomes in subpopulations defined by factors including socioeconomic … of reporting bias Single small trial Insufficient Unclear whether findings apply to subgroups defined … only presented in a single study Low for no benefit Unclear whether findings apply to subgroups defined … of reporting bias Single small trial Insufficient Unclear whether findings apply to subgroups defined

14. Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/XGHwLrLfb_78ymEUwGF6jR
    March 19, 2024 - Does the effectiveness of interven- tions differ by populations of interest (eg, defined by child or … - scribed]; P = .03).17 A third trial, in the United Kingdom, reported the outcome of safeguarding, defined … Do the harms of interventions dif- fer by populations of interest (eg, defined by child or caregiver … d Defined as “abandonment, leaving a child with an inappropriate caretaker, gross failure to seek medical … i Defined as infant death, severe nonaccidental injury, and involuntary foster care placement.

15. Final Research Plan: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/lung-cancer-screening
    August 16, 2018 - Does the effectiveness of screening for lung cancer with LDCT differ for subgroups defined by age, sex … Does the accuracy of screening for lung cancer with LDCT differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race … Do the harms of workup or surveillance of nodules differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race/ethnicity … Do the harms of surgical resection or SBRT differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race/ethnicity, … † Defined as detection of disease that would never progress to produce symptoms or death.

16. Final Research Plan: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening
    March 04, 2021 - may include asymptomatic or symptomatic adults All KQs: A priori subgroups of interest include those defined … Setting Studies conducted in countries categorized as “Very High” on the Human Development Index, as defined … questionnaire or clinical prediction tool followed by home-based oximetry testing for persons who score above a defined … Good or fair Poor (according to design-specific USPSTF criteria) * OSA severity will be defined

17. Final Research Plan: Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/statin-use-in-adults-preventive-medication
    November 05, 2020 - Do the benefits of statin treatment vary in subgroups defined by demographic, clinical, or socioeconomic … Do the harms of statin treatment vary in subgroups defined by demographic, clinical, or socioeconomic … Patient populations include those defined by demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic characteristics

18. Final Research Plan: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    November 15, 2018 - Do the harms of screening differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status … Does the effectiveness of these interventions differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race/ethnicity … Does the effectiveness of these interventions differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race/ethnicity … Does the effectiveness of these interventions differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race/ethnicity … Does the effectiveness of these interventions differ for subgroups defined by age, sex, race/ethnicity

19. Archived: Final Research Plan: Depression in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan15/depression-in-children-and-adolescents-screening
    September 15, 2013 - (or comparable) setting lead to improved health and other related outcomes overall and in subgroups defined … children and adolescents accurate in identifying MDD in primary care settings overall and in subgroups defined … Does screening increase the proportion of patients identified with MDD overall and in subgroups defined … What are the harms of screening for MDD in children and adolescents overall and in subgroups defined … What are the harms of treatment of MDD in children and adolescents overall and in subgroups defined by

20. Draft Research Plan: Breastfeeding: Primary Care Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/breastfeeding-interventions
    March 10, 2022 - Community interventions not affiliated with primary care Comparisons Usual care, as defined … asthma, or obesity KQ 2: Breastfeeding initiation, duration, intensity, † or exclusivity, as defined … primarily take place in countries categorized as “Very High” on the 2019 Human Development Index (as defined