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21. Evidence Summary: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication
    April 26, 2022 - CRC screening rates (51.4% in the aspirin group and 52.4% in the placebo group self-reported receiving … Further, these effects were not adjusted for CRC screening or risk factors. … screening practices. … Future trials should also account for baseline CRC screening as well as CRC risk factors, potential confounders … ACG clinical guidelines: colorectal cancer screening 2021.

22. Archived: Evidence Summary: Aspirin: Aspirin/NSAIDs for Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-aspirin/aspirin-nsaids-for-prevention-of-colorectal-cancer-preventive-medication
    March 15, 2007 - A third level of screening was included to discriminate the different study designs. … Cohort studies (ASA: 4 CRA, 7 CRC): 11. Case-control studies (ASA: 7 CRA, 7 CRC): 14. … Trends in screening for colorectal cancer-United States, 1997 and 1999. … Nonexposed: n = 30,020 person-years in CRC study. … Nonexposed: n = 30,020 person-years in CRC study.

23. Archived: Evidence Summary: Aspirin: Aspirin/NSAIDs for Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-aspirin/aspirin-nsaids-for-prevention-of-colorectal-cancer-preventive-medication-2007
    March 15, 2007 - A third level of screening was included to discriminate the different study designs. … Cohort studies (ASA: 4 CRA, 7 CRC): 11. Case-control studies (ASA: 7 CRA, 7 CRC): 14. … Trends in screening for colorectal cancer-United States, 1997 and 1999. … Nonexposed: n = 30,020 person-years in CRC study. … Nonexposed: n = 30,020 person-years in CRC study.

24. Use of Decision Models in the Development of Evidence-Based Clinical Preventive Services Recommendations (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/inline-files/decision-modeling-for-uspstf_0.pdf
    July 01, 2016 - , screening for CRC and lung cancer) and the estimation of net benefit (for example, the benefit and … strategies (for example, sigmoidoscopy vs. colonoscopy for CRC screening), different starting and stopping … For example, the modeling for the recommendations on CRC screening (1) suggested that screening before … The modeling analyses for lung cancer screening (17), CRC screening (16), and aspirin for primary pre … The modeling analyses for CRC screening (16) as- sessed the relative benefits and harms of alternative

25. The Use of Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/pnyU5fxhdBUtCdvJ3GyqzR
    March 01, 2007 - screening of eligible individuals by any method continues to be low in the United States (4–7). … An alternative and possibly complementary strategy to screening is prevention. … A third level of screening was included to discriminate the different study designs. … Study selection, inclusion, and exclusion at each screening phase for the efficacy end points. … Trends in screening for colorectal cancer—United States, 1997 and 1999.

26. Recommendation: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication
    April 26, 2022 - for high blood pressure 20 and diabetes. 21 The USPSTF has also made a recommendation on screening … and longer) in primary prevention populations and in the context of current CRC screening practices. … Screening for hypertension in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation … Screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement … Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

27. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/whbbEX529Ha4FyvsYv6uh6
    April 26, 2022 - screening endoscopy at any point during the 10.3 years of the RCT). … Further, these ef- fects were not adjusted for CRC screening or risk factors. … screening practices. … Future trials should also account for baseline CRC screening as well as CRC risk factors, potential confounders … ACG clinical guidelines: colorectal cancer screening 2021.

28. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/2GDCmTe7akyrAHsTMbfz72
    May 06, 2022 - screening endoscopy at any point during the 10.3 years of the RCT). … Further, these ef- fects were not adjusted for CRC screening or risk factors. … screening practices. … Future trials should also account for baseline CRC screening as well as CRC risk factors, potential confounders … ACG clinical guidelines: colorectal cancer screening 2021.

29. Archived: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer-april-2016
    April 11, 2016 - recommendations on smoking cessation and promoting a healthful diet and physical activity, as well as screening … prevention, including smoking cessation and promoting a healthful diet and physical activity, as well as screening … In addition, it has made recommendations on screening for CRC. … The time to benefit for CRC (that is, reduced CRC incidence and death) and time to harm are important … of screening require additional research.

30. Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/by8VJVre6h6BmadrGxaFMM
    April 01, 2016 - recommendations on smoking cessation and promoting a healthful diet and physical activity, as well as screening … prevention, including smoking cessation and pro- moting a healthful diet and physical activity, as well as screening … In addition, it has made rec- ommendations on screening for CRC. … The time to benefit for CRC (that is, reduced CRC incidence and death) and time to harm are important … of screening require additional research.

31. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/LPaUxRbrTshfsYVVTzenEQ
    April 26, 2022 - factors,17,18 and interven- tions to prevent obesity-related morbidity and mortality,19 as well as screening … for high blood pressure20 and diabetes.21 The USPSTF has also made a recommendation on screening for … Screening for hypertension in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation … Screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement … Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

32. Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: A Decision Analysis for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_SfjkGNHBnLqn8ySe7kAdg
    April 01, 2016 - , and CRC mortality. … use of screening technologies, such as colonoscopy, which can prevent CRC by the identification and … The model run represented here is based on a birth cohort (starting at age 40 y) with hypertension screening … and treatment, cholesterol screening and treatment, and aspirin for primary and secondary prevention—all … Case 4 CRC benefit = none is equivalent to setting the CRC RR = 1.

33. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/2Wc3FRHpVDPX2jT_WzjEXX
    July 31, 2020 - Colonoscopy has the lon- gest length between screenings (10 years when screening results are negative … Mean CRC cases averted if start screeningb At age 50 y At age 45 y Mean CRC deaths averted if start … cases averted per 1000 screened, by age to begin screening Additional CRC cases averted if start screening … screening at age 45 y Screening modality and frequency Stool tests Benefit: Estimated No. of CRC deaths … (gastrointestinal and cardiovascular) of CRC screening and follow-up procedures per 1000 individuals

34. Modeling Study: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-modeling-study/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication
    April 26, 2022 - Reduced CRC incidence was considered in sensitivity analysis. … Screening and treatment for hypertension and dyslipidemia and use of aspirin for secondary prevention … module capable of assessing primary prevention of either CRC cases or deaths. … CRC incidence in the model accounted for smoking status and reflected contemporary rates of screening … Screening for high blood pressure in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement

35. Decision Analysis: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/decision-analysis-for-aspirin/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer
    April 11, 2016 - , and CRC mortality. … incidence rates used in the model are derived from U.S. data 49 , 50 and reflect contemporary use of screening … The model run represented here is based on a birth cohort (starting at age 40 y) with hypertension screening … and treatment, cholesterol screening and treatment, and aspirin for primary and secondary prevention—all … Case 4 CRC benefit = none is equivalent to setting the CRC RR = 1.

36. Archived: Decision Analysis: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/decision-analysis-for-aspirin/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer-april-2016
    April 11, 2016 - , and CRC mortality. … incidence rates used in the model are derived from U.S. data 49 , 50 and reflect contemporary use of screening … The model run represented here is based on a birth cohort (starting at age 40 y) with hypertension screening … and treatment, cholesterol screening and treatment, and aspirin for primary and secondary prevention—all … Case 4 CRC benefit = none is equivalent to setting the CRC RR = 1.

37. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/g_tdsCgkwBncHfpjSj-FNg
    July 31, 2020 - Colonoscopy has the lon- gest length between screenings (10 years when screening results are negative … Mean CRC cases averted if start screeningb At age 50 y At age 45 y Mean CRC deaths averted if start … Additional CRC cases averted if start screening at age 45 y Screening modality and frequency Stool … 5 Additional CRC deaths averted if start screening at age 45 y Screening modality and frequency Stool … (gastrointestinal and cardiovascular) of CRC screening and follow-up procedures per 1000 individuals

38. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Updated Modeling Study for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/MLeu_yFpPwzcZwKG6fw5ZY
    April 26, 2022 - Reduced CRC incidence was considered in sensitivity analysis. … Screening and treatment for hypertension and dyslipidemia and use of aspirin for secondary pre- vention … module capable of assessing primary prevention of either CRC cases or deaths. … CRC in- cidence in the model accounted for smoking status and reflected con- temporary rates of screening … Screening for high blood pressure in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement

39. Evidence Summary: Vitamin D Deficiency: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary18/vitamin-d-deficiency-screening
    November 25, 2014 - Data Synthesis: No study examined the effects of vitamin D screening versus no screening on clinical … For screening studies, we included randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of screening for vitamin D deficiency … We found no direct evidence on effects of screening for vitamin D deficiency versus no screening on clinical … (>200 ng/mL) These levels are considered toxic NA NA 25-(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CRC … analyzed in case–control studies per intervention (vitamin D vs. control): fractures: 266 vs. 285, CRC

40. Evidence Summary: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cancer: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-aspirin-to-prevent-cancer/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer
    April 11, 2016 - Data on non-CRC cancer types and subgroups were limited. … CRC Mortality Rothwell and colleagues reported data on long-term CRC mortality (median follow-up, 18.3 … CRC Incidence Data on CRC incidence came from 2 IPD meta-analyses by Rothwell and colleagues 67 , … CRC deaths k = 2; n = 7588; 216 incident CRC cases Primary CVD prevention studies AAA, … CRC = colorectal cancer.