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21. Archived: Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1-5: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/visual-impairment-in-children-ages-1-5-screening-2011
    January 15, 2011 - The largest study comparing screening tests was the Vision in Preschoolers study, 3 , 4 which compared … The cover-uncover test was associated with lower sensitivity and higher specificity, compared with the … Effectiveness of Early Detection and Treatment There were no randomized controlled trials that compared … small (<1 line on the Snellen eye chart) average improvement in visual acuity in the affected eye, compared … treatment plus a plano lens was associated with an increased risk of visual acuity loss of ≥1 line, compared

22. Archived: Evidence Summary: Physical Activity: Behavior Counseling in Primary Care, July 2002 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/physical-activity-behavioral-counseling-primary-care-2002
    July 01, 2002 - patients who reported receiving clinician advice also reported increasing physical activity levels, compared … an intervention with usual care and those that compared two interventions. … For counseling compared with advice, difference in maximal oxygen uptake (V O2 max) was 73.9 mL/min ( … For assistance compared with advice, the difference in V O2 max was 80.7 mL/min (99.2 percent CI, 8.1 … No difference in the active proportion at 1 year, 36% intervention patients compared with 31% control

23. Screening for Skin Cancer in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/8dzfZ_s3tZueoEh5Xzh-3A
    July 26, 2016 - decrease of 0.8 per 100 000 melanoma deaths in a region with population-based skin cancer screening compared … Tumor thickness greater than 4.0 mm was associated with increased melanoma mortality compared with thinner … One fair- quality ecologic study with 3 publications12-14 compared trends in melanoma mortality over … 5 Does visual skin cancer screening lead to earlier detection of skin cancer compared with usual care … and older required 22 excisions compared with 41 in women aged 20 to 34 years.

24. Archived: Evidence Summary: Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/carotid-artery-stenosis-screening-july-2014
    July 08, 2014 - We found no eligible studies that compared CAAS with medical therapy and no studies that compared CEA … The third review compared management strategies for asymptomatic CAS and included a meta-regression to … Harms Associated With CEA or CAAS We included 3 RCTs that compared CEA with medical therapy and … received CEA [ 48 ]), 1 RCT that compared CEA with low-dose aspirin 49 , 2 RCTs that compared CEA with … The mean age of patients in trials that compared CEA with medical therapy was 65 to 68 years.

25. Evidence Summary: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions
    January 19, 2021 - advice from clinicians (RR, 1.76 [95% CI, 1.58-1.96]) were all associated with increased quit rates compared … the effectiveness of electronic cigarettes on smoking cessation at 6 to 12 months among smokers when compared … were associated with greater smoking cessation during late pregnancy (RR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.23-1.48]), compared … For instance, in an examination of counseling interventions compared with usual care, the average RR … E-cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy within the UK Stop Smoking Services: the TEC

26. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Research Gaps for Interventions for High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/d8DVjQhw6JgjWaBtED97s6
    Native, and non- Hispanic Black children and adolescents) Behavioral counseling interventions: Compared … Children and adolescents ages 2 to 18 years who have a higher BMI Pharmacotherapy interventions compared … Hispanic/Latino, Long-term psychosocial outcomes in participants in behavioral interventions compared … non- Hispanic Black children and adolescents) Behavioral weight loss counseling interventions compared … Native, and non- Hispanic Black children and adolescents) Behavioral counseling interventions compared

27. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Screening for IPV and Caregiver Abuse in Older Adults (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/yj6JY8HJZtbnv5qDPxS3PX
    couples, and people who reported a gender that differs from their sex Screening instruments compared … interventions that provide direct services for IPV (e.g., counseling) and address barriers to seeking help compared … reported a gender that differs from their sex Screening followed by effective interventions compared … years or older) and vulnerable adults (age 18 years or older) Eligible instruments must be compared

28. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary50/impaired-visual-acuity-in-older-adults-screening-2009
    July 15, 2009 - For diagnostic accuracy, we included studies that compared a screening test with a reference standard … immediate with delayed vision screening, 17 and 1 compared use of a screening question followed by … for falls (RR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.20 to 2.05]) or fractures (RR, 1.74 [CI, 0.97 to 3.11]) after 1 year compared … One good-quality trial found first cataract surgery to be associated with no significant difference compared … Compared with the 1996 USPSTF evidence synthesis, 9 more direct evidence on vision screening in older

29. Procedure Manual Appendix XI. Tool to Assess Adequacy and Certainty of Evidence for a Task Force Recommendation | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-xi-tool-assess-adequacy-and-certainty-evidence-task-force-recommendation
    July 01, 2017 - Does screening for this disorder in adults in primary care–relevant settings improve outcomes compared … Does early treatment of this screen-detected disorder improve outcomes compared to later treatment?

30. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Syphilis Infection in Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary94/syphilis-infection-in-pregnancy-screening-2009
    May 15, 2009 - participants, 1.0 (CI, 0.7-1.3) for CL/P compared with control participants with malformations, 1.2 … (CI, 0.7-1.9) for PCP compared with population control participants, 1.1 (CI, 0.7-1.8) for PCP compared … Phenoxymethyl-penicillin POR: 1.8 (CI, 0.6-5.8) for PCP compared with population control participants … , 1.6 (CI, 0.6-4.3) for PCP compared with control participants with malformations. … 1.9-15.4) for CL/P compared with control participants with malformations.

31. 6Ngc3Byq9Jeby Pwyvd6Or (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/6Ngc3byQ9jeBy_pwyvD6or
    September 01, 2014 - Data Synthesis: No trials compared screening with no screening or stenting with medical therapy or assessed … We found no eligible studies that compared CAAS with medical therapy and no studies that compared CEA … Trial Characteristics The RCTs that compared CEA with medical therapy have been described. … received CEA [48]), 1 RCT that compared CEA with low-dose aspirin (49), 2 RCTs that compared CEA with … The mean age of patients in trials that compared CEA with medical therapy was 65 to 68 years.

32. JAMA JATS (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/dvDjnZzW9PDxzKBauB4QxA
    August 21, 2018 - For cotesting, false-positives ranged from 5.8% to 19.9% in the first round of screening, compared with … First-round colposcopy rates were also higher, ranging 1.2% to 7.9% for primary hrHPV testing, compared … with 1.1% to 3.1% for cytology alone; colposcopy rates for cotesting ranged from 6.8% to 10.9%, compared … Studies evaluating hrHPV as a triage test after cytology compared with cytology alone were ex- cluded … No trials compared hrHPV primary testing with cotest- ing.

33. Archived: Modeling Report: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/modeling-report/lung-cancer-screening-december-2013
    July 30, 2013 - that three annual computed tomography (CT) screenings reduced lung cancer-specific mortality by 20% compared … Additionally, model results were compared using a formal approach previously described in the literature … We compared 26 consensus scenarios that start screening at age 50, 55, or 60 years, stop screening at … Specifically, the NLST criteria required 577 screenings per lung cancer death averted compared with 550 … These scenarios lead to half (49% to 52%) of all lung cancers being detected at an early stage (compared

34. Screening Older Adults for Impaired Visual Acuity: A Review of the Evidence for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/7eLc5kBtomL_HKpYDwsFPf
    July 01, 2009 - The screening intervention varied: 1 trial compared universal visual acuity testing (Glasgow acuity … immediate with delayed vision screening (17), and 1 compared use of a screening question followed by … No studies compared the Snellen eye chart with a reference standard for impaired visual acuity, possibly … Pegaptanib also reduced the risk for blindness (visual acuity worse than 20/200) compared with placebo … Additional anal- yses found a RR of 2.44 (CI, 2.27 to 2.61) for surgeries completed since 2000 compared

35. Vision Screening for Children 1 to 5 Years of Age: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/AkQC-rTVEsusNWG_TmWWtd
    February 01, 2011 - photoscreeners (Riviera Beach, FL) were associated with lower sensitivity (at a similar specificity), compared … The cover-uncover test was associated with lower sensitivity and higher spec- ificity, compared with … Effectiveness of Early Detection and Treatment There were no randomized con- trolled trials that compared … small (�1 line on the Snellen eye chart) average improve- ment in visual acuity in the affected eye, compared … of bully- ing but unexpectedly decreased the odds of bullying by�50% for children offered screening, compared

36. Archived: Evidence Summary: Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1-5: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary5/visual-impairment-in-children-ages-1-5-screening-2011
    January 15, 2011 - for amblyopia or unilateral refractive error were associated with mild improvements in visual acuity compared … No randomized trial evaluated preschool vision screening compared with no screening. … Although benefits of patching compared with no patching averaged ≤1 line of visual acuity, some trials … Well-designed studies are needed to better understand the effects of screening compared with no screening … Not applicable High No randomized trial directly compared outcomes of preschool vision screening

37. Screening for Syphilis Infection in Pregnant Women: Evidence for the Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/gWJU-ZynehGyLBVYtDmMow
    May 01, 2009 - Rapid plasma reagin screening results were compared with the T. pallidum particle agglutination assay … Penamecillin POR: 1.1 (CI, 0.8–1.5) for CL/P compared with population control participants, 1.0 (CI, … 0.7–1.3) for CL/P compared with control participants with malformations, 1.2 (CI, 0.7–1.9) for PCP compared … , 1.6 (CI, 0.6–4.3) for PCP compared with control participants with malformations. … 1.9–15.4) for CL/P compared with control participants with malformations.

38. Benefits and Harms of Computed Tomography Lung Cancer Screening Programs for High Risk Populations (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/RkeQEwKRWULreuWecXG8S-
    July 01, 2013 - that three annual computed tomography (CT) screenings reduced lung cancer-specific mortality by 20% compared … and subsequent treatment of early-stage lung cancer reduced lung cancer-specific mortality by 20% compared … We compared 26 consensus scenarios that start screening at age 50, 55, or 60 years, stop screening … Specifically, the NLST criteria required 577 screenings per lung cancer death averted compared with … with previous scenario (%) Relative increase in lung cancer deaths averted compared with

39. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary12/cervical-cancer-screening-2012
    October 18, 2011 - Selection:  Two independent reviewers selected fair- to good-quality English-language studies that compared … For primary HPV screening compared with cytology, we found 1 RCT (NTCC phase 2; 49,196 participants) … Pooled results suggested decreased cumulative cases of invasive cancer after HPV screening, compared … After a single screening round, Hybrid Capture 2 testing with cytology triage compared with cytology … Levels of immediate anxiety and distress were increased in women who tested positive for HPV compared

40. Evidence Summary: Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary14/bladder-cancer-in-adults-screening
    October 15, 2010 - randomized trials and controlled observational studies on clinical outcomes associated with treatment compared … high-quality controlled observational studies evaluated clinical outcomes associated with screening compared … with no screening or treatment of screen-detected bladder cancer compared with no treatment. … No study evaluated harms associated with treatment of screen-detected bladder cancer compared with no … Only 1 study provided data to calculate the diagnostic accuracy of the NMP22 compared with cystoscopy