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1. Draft Recommendation: Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Falls and Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/vitamin-d-calcium-combined-supplementation-primary-prevention-falls-fractures-communitydwelling-adults
   December 17, 2024 - Five trials compared vitamin D plus calcium with placebo or no treatment, one trial compared vitamin … Four trials evaluated vitamin D compared with placebo, one compared vitamin D and calcium with calcium … Five trials compared vitamin D alone with placebo, one compared vitamin D and calcium with placebo, one … compared calcium alone with placebo, and one compared vitamin D and calcium with calcium alone. … Three trials evaluated vitamin D and calcium compared with placebo, two evaluated calcium alone compared

2. Evidence Summary: Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/carotid-artery-stenosis-screening
   February 02, 2021 - Revascularization has been associated with small long-term benefits compared with best medical therapy … , 2.82 [95% CI, 0.33- 24.07]) or carotid artery stenting (unadjusted HR, 3.50 [95% CI, 0.42-29.11]) compared … The 2 new trials added little to the evidence base on effectiveness of revascularization compared with … While there were few new trials examining the comparative effectiveness of revascularization compared … Angioplasty in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis vs. endarterectomy compared to best medical treatment

3. Final Recommendation Statement: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/RecommendationStatementFinal/breast-cancer-screening
   April 30, 2024 - with White women, 5 and are approximately 40% more likely to die of breast cancer compared with White … In general, studies have reported small increases in positive predictive value with DBT compared with … While collaborative modeling estimated that, compared with a stopping age of 74, screening biennially … Three RCTs 56-58 and 1 nonrandomized study 59 compared detection of invasive cancer over 2 rounds of … invitation to screening with digital mammography plus MRI compared with digital mammography alone in

4. Screening for Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis in the General Population: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ZgcL6cF6JsFzwRRhaSnqc9
   December 01, 2022 - Revascularization has been associated with small long- term benefits compared with best medical therapy … results for the com- parative effectiveness of carotid revascularization plus best medical therapy compared … The 2 new trials added little to the evidence base on effectiveness of re- vascularization compared with … While there were few new trials examining the compara- tive effectiveness of revascularization compared … Angioplasty in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis vs. endarterectomy compared to best medical treatment

5. Draft Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening-adults-adolescents
   December 10, 2024 - incidence rate of cervical cancer and slightly higher mortality rate (2.5 deaths per 100,000 women) compared … -based study, 64.3% of transgender men were up-to-date with cervical cancer screening compared with 73.5% … The relative accuracy of self-collected vaginal samples to detect CIN2+ compared with the accuracy of … No studies directly compared primary HPV screening vs. cotesting. … One additional trial (n=13,925) compared self-collected to clinician-collected primary HPV screening

6. Final Research Plan: Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/folic-acid-for-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects-preventive-medication
   October 21, 2021 - Comparisons KQs 1a, 1b, 1c (timing, duration), 2a: Placebo or no treatment or diet only (when compared … with folic acid supplementation); supplementation with prenatal vitamins without folic acid (when compared … with prenatal vitamin supplementation with folic acid); iron supplements without folic acid (when compared … with iron supplementation with folic acid) Folic acid supplementation alone when compared with folic

7. Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening
   April 30, 2024 - with White women, 5 and are approximately 40% more likely to die of breast cancer compared with White … In general, studies have reported small increases in positive predictive value with DBT compared with … While collaborative modeling estimated that, compared with a stopping age of 74, screening biennially … Three RCTs 56-58 and 1 nonrandomized study 59 compared detection of invasive cancer over 2 rounds of … invitation to screening with digital mammography plus MRI compared with digital mammography alone in

8. Archived: Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Population-Based Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Evidence Synthesis: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/cost-effectiveness-analyses-of-population-based-screening-for-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-evidence-synthesis/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-february-2005
   February 15, 2005 - Compared with usual care—i.e., no screening—what is the cost-effectiveness of population-based screening … Compared with usual care—i.e., no screening—what is the cost-effectiveness of population-based screening … Frame, et al. 8 :  The Frame, et al. model compared one-time screening with elective repair of AAAs ≥ … Both studies compared targeted screening with no screening; neither compared routine, but systematic, … Immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms.

9. Screening for Breast Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/zmvjborz6pkcGVzgcP5nCw
   September 30, 2024 - with White women,5 and are approximately 40% more likely to die of breast cancer compared with White … While collaborative modeling estimated that, compared with a stop- ping age of 74, screening biennially … Three RCTs56-58 and 1 nonrandomized study59 compared de- tection of invasive cancer over 2 rounds of … with digi- tal mammography plus MRI compared with digital mammography alone in participants aged 50 … Incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of interval breast cancers compared with screening-detected

10. Evidence Summary: Skin Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/skin-cancer-screening
    April 18, 2023 - Compared with usual care, routine clinician skin examination was not associated with increased detection … Of 325 melanoma deaths, a higher proportion was observed in the unscreened group compared with the screened … Two publications used data from the German national skin cancer screening program and compared people … One compared participants in a community-based screening program conducted in Trento, Italy, in 2001- … with usual care (2 studies) or melanoma at either <1 mm or <2 mm thickness compared with usual care

11. Evidence Summary: Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/latent-tuberculosis-infection-screening
    May 02, 2023 - isoniazid with placebo, 2 compared rifampin with isoniazid, and 2 compared rifapentine plus isoniazid … Four additional RCTs 125-128 that compared isoniazid with placebo that did not meet all eligibility … Rifampin Compared With Isoniazid Two RCTs comparing rifampin with isoniazid were included. … Rifapentine Plus Isoniazid Compared With Isoniazid Alone Two RCTs compared rifapentine plus isoniazid … Rifapentine Compared With Isoniazid Two RCTs reported harms for rifapentine plus isoniazid compared

12. Archived: Evidence Summary: Skin Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/skin-cancer-screening-july-2016
    July 26, 2016 - Tumor thickness greater than 4.0 mm was associated with increased melanoma mortality compared with thinner … One fair-quality ecologic study with 3 publications 12-14 compared trends in melanoma mortality over … Detecting 1 melanoma in women 65 years and older required 22 excisions compared with 41 in women aged … Does visual skin cancer screening lead to earlier detection of skin cancer compared with usual care? … Compared with thin lesions (<1.0 mm), HRs for melanoma mortality by thickness were 2.89 (95% CI, 2.62

13. Skin Cancer Screening: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/wKfFrTpC8VtforKLrqGpjQ
    April 18, 2023 - Compared with usual care, routine clinician skin examination was not associated with increased detection … Approximately 1% of all skin cancers are melanoma,2 but melanoma causes higher skin cancer mortality compared … Two publications used data from the German national skin cancer screening program and compared people … One compared participants in a community-based screening program conducted in Trento, Italy, in 2001- … with usual care (2 studies) or melanoma at either <1 mm or <2 mm thickness compared with usual care

14. Screening for Syphilis: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/TzddJozNQQZYmTohr64wMz
    June 07, 2016 - Studies of harms were included that compared screened vs unscreened populations. … c Unknown reference standard. d When compared with FTA-ABS test results. e When compared with results … from Western blotting. f When compared with nontreponemal test results. g When compared with treponemal … by a second confirmatory test,24,25 and the other study compared the treponemal T pallidum particle … Reverse screening in a low-prevalence population results in a higher false reactive rate as compared

15. Archived: Evidence Summary: Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adults and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/syphilis-infection-in-nonpregnant-adults-and-adolescents-june-2016
    June 07, 2016 - Studies of harms were included that compared screened vs unscreened populations. … d When compared with FTA-ABS test results. … e When compared with results from Western blotting. … f  When compared with nontreponemal test results. … g When compared with treponemal test results. Return to Table of Contents Table 2.

16. Evidence Summary: Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/chlamydia-and-gonorrhea-screening
    September 14, 2021 - Chlamydia screening compared with no screening was significantly associated with reduced risk of pelvic … higher-risk women. 36 Trials were conducted in the US, 36 Europe, 32 , 33 and Australia 25 and compared … screening vs usual care, 25 home sampling, 33 or clinic-based testing. 36 One trial compared immediate … No study compared clinician- and self-collected testing for chlamydial or gonorrhea infections at other … False-positive rates in studies that compared self-collected and clinician-collected samples ranged from

17. Evidence Summary: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/cervical-cancer-screening
    August 21, 2018 - For cotesting, false-positives ranged from 5.8% to 19.9% in the first round of screening, compared with … First-round colposcopy rates were also higher, ranging 1.2% to 7.9% for primary hrHPV testing, compared … Studies evaluating hrHPV as a triage test after cytology compared with cytology alone were excluded. … Four fair- or good-quality cervical cancer screening RCTs were identified that compared primary hrHPV … No trials compared hrHPV primary testing with cotesting.

18. Evidence Summary: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/breast-cancer-screening
    April 30, 2024 - Three trials compared digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammography screening with digital mammography … Included studies compared mammography screening modalities (mammography with or without digital breast … One study was designed to compare different ages to stop screening 30 and another compared annual and … A fair-quality nonrandomized study using data from 2 BCSC registry sites compared screening outcomes … The observational studies of different screening intervals compared individuals who self-selected or

19. Evidence Summary: Syphilis Infection During Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/syphilis-infection-in-pregnancy-screening
    May 13, 2025 - pregnant adolescents and adults, screened using US Food and Drug Administration–approved tests that compared … different 2-step serologic screening algorithms or compared single tests with a 2-step algorithm. … ranged between 0% and 65%, varying by the index test evaluated and to which algorithm the index test was compared … by treponemal test) reported a false-positive rate of 31% (11/35) for the initial nontreponemal test compared … studies demonstrate an association between fewer adverse outcomes in pregnant women treated for syphilis compared

20. Archived: Final Evidence Review: Genital Herpes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-review55/genital-herpes-screening-2005
    March 15, 2005 - Viral shedding was detected in 48.7 percent of source partners who received valacyclovir compared with … In an intention-to-treat analysis of the entire cohort, 4 percent had clinical recurrences (compared … Another cost analysis compared use of acyclovir suppressive therapy to prevent recurrent genital HSV … Viral shedding was detected in 48.7% of treated partners compared with 82% of untreated partners (RR, … No women had positive HSV cultures in treatment group compared with 6% positives in placebo group ( P