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1. Screening for Hepatitis B Infection in Pregnant Women: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/pFEM-gRfk6-Qj7grXkZQzC
   February 11, 2019 - were designed to yield evidence on the overarching effectiveness of pro- grams for HBV screening and case … 1 What harms have been observed in case management programs? … No studies were identified for KQ4 to assess potential harms of case management. … management or improvements in implementation, including case identification and tracking. … Improving access to pre- natal care, screening, and case management are among the strategies to help

2. Evidence Summary: Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-in-pregnant-women-screening
   July 23, 2019 - their infants to ensure the timely delivery of effective prophylactic interventions, ideally through case … No studies were identified for KQ4 to assess potential harms of case management. … management or improvements in implementation, including case identification and tracking. … Targeted resources are needed to ensure that case management is effectively implemented through health … Improving access to prenatal care, screening, and case management are among the strategies to help to

3. Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: An Update of the Evidence (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/y6xRBv7uSZY5bGCx7y48x7
   May 01, 2009 - (11 case patients and 1 control participant), and interview data not available (75 case patients, 72 … Medveczky and Puhó, 2004 (18) Case–control study of participants in the Hungarian Case–Control Surveillance … Case patients: mothers of infants or fetuses with NTDs. … Case patients: mothers of infants or fetuses with NTDs. … Czeizel and Vargha, 2004 (27) Case–control study of 38 151 participants in the Hungarian Case–Control

4. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Folic Acid to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary25/folic-acid-to-prevent-neural-tube-defects-preventive-medication-2009
   May 15, 2009 - We found 2 case–control studies in the literature search. … 88% among both case patients and control participants, applied exposure measurement equally to case-patients … (11 case patients and 1 control participant), and interview data not available (75 case patients, 72 … Medveczky and Puhó, 2004 18 Case-control study of participants in the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance … Czeizel and Vargha, 2004 27 Case-control study of 38 151 participants in the Hungarian Case–Control

5. Behavioral Counseling to Prevent Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ofaMtvNZ-5KdhWAJjXfZpN
   February 01, 2011 - Sunscreen use and melanoma: a case of evidence- based prevention? … Case-control study of malignant mela- noma in Washington State. I. … Case-control study of sun exposure and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. … Ambient UVB and melanoma risk in the United States: a case-control analysis. … cross-sectional studies, case series, and case reports Setting Include English-speaking countries, primary

6. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Skin Cancer: Counseling, 2012 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary45/skin-cancer-counseling-2012
   May 15, 2012 - , cross-sectional studies, case series, and case reports Setting Include English-speaking … Sunscreen use and melanoma: a case of evidence-based prevention? … The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. II. … Case-control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State. I. … a case-control study in Western Australia. Int J Cancer . 1995;60:489-94.

7. Recommendation: Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-in-pregnant-women-screening
   July 23, 2019 - For infants born to mothers who test positive for HBsAg, current guidelines for case management include … For infants born to mothers with unknown HBsAg status, current guidelines for case management include … For infants born to mothers with unknown HBsAg status, current guidelines for case management include … Case management is the standard intervention in the United States for all HBV-positive pregnant women … The number of infants receiving case management increased from 7415 in 1994 to 12,033 in 2008 ( P <

8. Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/gYdxwvAQZ73SApY2Hosz_d
   October 11, 2019 - for preventing perinatal transmission, based on foundational evidence and observational studies of US case … is evidence that over time, perinatal transmission has decreased among women and infants enrolled in case … For HBV-positive mothers, case man- agement during pregnancy includes HBV DNA viral load testing and … Continued re- search on effective implementation of case management in vulner- able populations most … Case management is the standard intervention in the United States for all HBV-positive pregnant women

9. Screening for Coronary Heart Disease: Clinician Fact Sheet (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/cAs__BR8J4rgcZ4vQgfaTx
   April 01, 2009 - y Decisions about screening in adults at increased risk should be made on a case-by-case basis after … should not be routinely offered to asymptomatic, low risk adults and should only be offered on a case-by-case … Thus, decisions about screening asymptomatic, increased risk individuals should be made on a case-by-case … They should only be offered on a case-by-case basis to patients at increased risk when you judge that

10. Final Research Plan: Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-in-pregnant-women-screening
    November 09, 2017 - What is the effectiveness of case management programs to prevent vertical transmission among pregnant … What are the harms of case management programs to prevent vertical transmission among pregnant women … studies with a historical or geographic comparator KQs 2–4: All of the above plus cohort studies, case … would require a population-level perspective on screening and its broad impact in the presence of a case … will be provided to supplement the included evidence on population-level programs for screening and case

11. Evidence Summary: Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/folic-acid-for-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects-preventive-medication
    August 01, 2023 - Two cohort studies and 1 case-control study newly identified in this update reported on the association … High dose folic acid during pregnancy and the risk of autism: the birth order bias: a nested case-control … can be conducted on this topic New studies must rely on observational data with inherent risks of case … 31-41 Variable measures of outcomes and exposure, all observation studies with risks of bias from case … 41 Variable measures of outcomes and exposure, all observational studies with risks of bias from case

12. Final Research Plan: Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/folic-acid-for-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects-preventive-medication
    October 21, 2021 - month of pregnancy Study designs Efficacy (KQ 1): RCTs; controlled clinical trials, cohort or case-control … studies Harms (KQ 2): RCTs, controlled clinical trials, or observational studies (case-control, cohort … , registry data) Systematic reviews, case reports, or case series Publication type Original

13. Final Research Plan: Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/autism-spectrum-disorder-young-children-1
    June 10, 2021 - designs KQ 2: Cross-sectional study; retrospective and prospective cohort designs KQs 1, 3–5: Case-control … studies; single case reports or single case design KQ 2: Case-control studies, single case design

14. Draft Research Plan: Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/autism-spectrum-disorder-young-children-1
    February 25, 2021 - retrospective and prospective cohort designs KQ 2: Diagnostic accuracy studies KQs 1, 3–5: Case-control … studies; single case reports or single case design KQ 2: Case-control studies, single case design

15. Archived: Final Research Plan: Aspirin to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan-aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-diseas/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer-april-2016
    October 07, 2013 - controlled clinical trials; large prospective cohort studies KQ 1: Observational studies (cohort, case … control, case studies, or case series) KQ 2: Case-control, case studies, or case series

16. Archived: Evidence Summary: Folic Acid for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/folic-acid-for-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects-preventive-medication-january-2017
    January 10, 2017 - Three of 4 case-control studies with data from 1976 through 1998 reported ORs ranging from 0.6 to 0.7 … Early studies (1 trial, cohort and case-control studies) provided consistent evidence of benefit. … As a consequence, all subsequent studies relied on observational data using case-control designs. … These case-control studies do not show a protective association. … a Studies are listed by data source first (multistate case-control studies first, single/2-state case-control

17. Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/4TToeya43r5Qc5A6TjFGWS
    August 01, 2023 - Two cohort studies and 1 case-control study newly identified in this update reported on the association … -0.8)22 OR for NTD, 0.65 (95% CI, 0.45-0.94)23 OR for NTD, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.73-1.40); P = .9724 1 Case-control … trials can be conducted on this topic New studies must rely on observational data with inherent risks of case … outcomes31-41 Variable measures of outcomes and exposure, all observation studies with risks of bias from case … High dose folic acid during pregnancy and the risk of autism: the birth order bias: a nested case-control

18. Final Research Plan: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    May 19, 2022 - Study designs KQ 1: RCTs KQ 2: RCTs, controlled clinical trials, cohorts with controls, and case-control … searched for additional eligible studies KQ 1: Systematic reviews, nonrandomized cohort trials, case-control … , case series, and case studies KQ 2: Systematic reviews, case series, and case studies Timing

19. Archived: Evidence Summary: Screening for Breast Cancer: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-screening-for-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-screening-january-2016
    January 11, 2016 - In this method, the case accrual time is equivalent to or close to the follow-up time. … differed only slightly from those with long case accrual ( Table 1 ). … * Used short case accrual. Text Description . … † From meta-analyses of screening trials using 2 different methods of case accrual. … In this method, the case accrual time is equivalent to or close to the follow-up time.

20. Draft Research Plan: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/cervical-cancer-screening-adults-adolescents
    October 28, 2021 - controlled clinical trials Cohort studies with contemporaneous controls Population-based nested case-control … Diagnostic test accuracy studies Participation trials (for adherence only) KQs 1, 3: Non-nested case-control … studies Case reports Case series Narrative reviews Editorials KQ 2: Diagnostic test