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301. Layout 1 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/c-diff-infections_executive.pdf
     December 01, 2011 - antibiotic-acquired diarrhea as a primary outcome and CDI as a secondary outcome.83-86 Numerous published case … .98 c-diff_Layout 1 11/22/11 3:50 PM Page 5 6 There is limited low-strength evidence from two case … Treating recurrent CDI Low • There is limited evidence from two case series that fecal flora reconstitution … Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case … Control of nosocomial transmission of Clostridium difficile based on sporadic case surveillance.

302. Standardized Library of Lung Cancer Outcome Measures (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/white-paper-lung-cancer.pdf
     August 01, 2021 - The general case is an imaging report that asserts a change in lesion size, possibly with a measurement

303. Disposition of Comments_Blood-Based Tests for Multiple Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cell-free-dna-disposition-comments.pdf
     May 14, 2025 - Further, all such studies used case-control designs (also known as two-gate designs) and represent … In these studies (all cohort or nested case-control), MCST samples were obtained from persons without … an assay’s sensitivity, specificity, PPV, or NPV is the type of analyte, which is usually not the case … Most recent examples include the NLST1, arguably the best-case scenario given the aggressive nature … Published Online: May 14, 2025 41 Commentator and Affiliation Section Comment Response • In the case

304. Rapid Evidence Product_Assisted Home Dialysis in the United States: New Interest in an Old Idea (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/home-dialysis-ESKD-rapid-research.pdf
     April 01, 2025 - contemporary U.S. experience with staff-assisted home dialysis and, since cost-effectiveness in this case … rhesus or rodent* or sheep or simian or sow$1 or vertebrate$1 or zebrafish).ti. or (adolescen* or case … or children or infant$1 or literature or qualitative).ti. or (case reports or comment or editorial … rhesus or rodent* or sheep or simian or sow$1 or vertebrate$1 or zebrafish).ti. or (adolescen* or case … 20230731; English Language; Exclude MEDLINE records (422) S10 (MH “Nonexperimental Studies”) OR (MH “Case

305. Diagnosis and Treatment of Clinical Alzheimer's-type Dementia (CATD) (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/catd-protocol-draft_0.pdf
     November 02, 2018 - studies Harms: Controlled observational studies (i.e., cross- sectional, retrospective cohort, case … KQ 7-8: Controlled observational studies (i.e., cross-sectional, retrospective cohort, case control) … GUIDANCE *Studies that have long-term outcomes that are 5 years and longer should be assessed on a case-by-case … Some imputation methods might be appropriate (to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis). … Some imputation methods might be appropriate (to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis).

306. PEPTIC ULCER #11 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/peptic-ulcer-horizon-scan-high-impact-1312.pdf
     December 01, 2013 - health care interventions are still in the early stages of development or adoption, except in the case … In this report, we include reports of three recent case series on a total of 292 patients with achalasia … Absence of a policy does not necessarily mean noncoverage; payers sometimes determine coverage on a case-by-case … less pain, and a lower incidence of reflux after the procedure.37 Clinical trials: In a published case … University Hospitals Case Medical Center offers novel scarless procedure for rare condition.

307. Breastfeeding and Health Outcomes for Infants and Children (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/breastfeeding-health-outcomes-protocol.pdf
     February 01, 2023 - health outcomes among 2 or more groups with different exposures to human milk, including cohort and case-controld … follow-up of health outcomes • Studies with no comparison groups • Cross-sectional studiese • Case … not rated as “critically low” according to systematic review credibility criteria using AMSTAR 245 d Case-control … In the former example and in the case of no incorporation of new primary evidence, the results of an

308. Renal Artery Stenosis Management Strategies: An Updated Comparative Effectiveness Review (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/renal-update_disposition-comments.pdf
     August 16, 2016 - Thus, we are left with observational studies and case reports from which to draw inferences. … From 1454 citations, the final analysis was confined t 76 “relevant” studies and 20 case reports. … The inclusion of nonrandomized studies and case reports, I believe, is extremely important in this … Case reports uniformly reported major clinically beneficial outcomes that imply both selection (and … The fact that a high degree of stenosis was present in all included case reports, where benefit was

309. Breastfeeding and Health Outcomes for Infants and Children (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/breastfeeding-health-outcomes-protocol-amendment.pdf
     February 03, 2025 - health outcomes among 2 or more groups with different exposures to human milk, including cohort and case-controld … follow-up of health outcomes • Studies with no comparison groups • Cross-sectional studiese • Case … not rated as “critically low” according to systematic review credibility criteria using AMSTAR 245 d Case-control … In the former example and in the case of no incorporation of new primary evidence, the results of an

310. Whole-Body Vibration Therapy for Osteoporosis (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/osteoporosis-vibration-therapy_technical-brief.pdf
     January 01, 2020 - were the methodological approaches or study designs used (i.e., randomized controlled trial, cohort, case … Study Designs Study designs included RCTs, controlled trials, and case-series. … Oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer of oesophagus, stomach, and colorectum: case- control analysis … 16 (278) 18 limit 17 to (English language and humans and yr="2000 -Current") (127) 19 limit 18 to (case … Not reported No medications; Unknown exercise; Unknown diet/calcium intake Ezenwa, 200873 US Case

311. Research Protocol: Clostridium difficile Infection Update (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/c-difficile-update_research-protocol.pdf
     December 23, 2014 - isolated C. difficile spores from air samples in a UK hospital, 4 to 7 weeks after the last confirmed CDI case … Studies specifically addressing treatment harms may also include retrospective and case series designs … One can use case series, but they have no controls and the rate of “adverse events” among placebo groups … is high.39 One can use case-control studies, but they are subject to recall bias. … We will use reported harms from RCTs, prospective cohort, retrospective case-control, and case series

312. Primary Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: Research Protocol (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/hypofractionated-radiation-therapy-protocol.pdf
     April 17, 2024 - comparative cohort studies that adequately control for confounders, excluding uncontrolled studies, case … on the Human Development Index.a KQs 1, 2: Other designs KQs 3–5: Uncontrolled cohort studies, case-control … studies, case reports, case series, cost- effectiveness and other modeling studies. … In case they are relevant, additional domains, such as dose-response association and strength of association

313. Tonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing or Recurrent Throat Infection in Children (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/tonsillectomy_executive.pdf
     January 01, 2017 - We used database and registry studies and case series for harms data only. … Overall, 2.1 percent of children in case series experienced a PTH episode. … At least four deaths were reported across four case series or database studies reporting mortality. … The frequency of harms in case series and database or registry studies generally aligned with that … At least four deaths were reported in case series including 1,778,342 children.

314. Version-3-Immunity-After-Covid-19-Appendix-Table-B-1 (xls file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/version-3-immunity-after-COVID-19-appendix-table-B-1.xlsx
     January 24, 2022 - 2 infection among liver transplant recipients Switzerland Belgium Italy The Netherlands Prospective case-control … did not use immunosuppressant drugs, all of whom had RT-PCR confirmed infection Not matching with case … different SARS-CoV-2 variants among vaccinated and unvaccinated previously infected individuals Qatar Case-control … classification as "a death resulting from a clinically compatible illness, in a probable or confirmed COVID-19 case

315. Considering the Range of Decision-Relevant Effects (ppt file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medical-test-reviews-choosing-outcomes.ppt
     June 01, 2012 - computed tomography for pulmonary emboli) due to therapies applied after a positive result (in this case … An assumption is made in this case that it is already known that treatment of the condition being tested … Use of Spirometry for Case Finding, Diagnosis, and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease … Use of Spirometry for Case Finding, Diagnosis, and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease … This may not be the case in other countries. Genetic Testing Segal JB.

316. Considering the Range of Decision-Relevant Effects (ppt file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/medical-test-reviews-choosing-outcomes.ppt
     June 01, 2012 - computed tomography for pulmonary emboli) due to therapies applied after a positive result (in this case … An assumption is made in this case that it is already known that treatment of the condition being tested … Use of Spirometry for Case Finding, Diagnosis, and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease … Use of Spirometry for Case Finding, Diagnosis, and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease … This may not be the case in other countries. Genetic Testing Segal JB.

317. Crosscutting-Horizon-Scan-High-Impact-1406 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/crosscutting-horizon-scan-high-impact-1406.pdf
     June 01, 2014 - health care interventions are still in the early stages of development or adoption, except in the case … Case management, insurance status, and durable medical equipment needs (e.g., walkers, special beds … Case study: Holy Cross Hospital geriatric emergency department. [internet]. … Available: http://www.hpoe.org/resources/case- studies/1312. 68. Layton MJ. … _r=0 http://www.hpoe.org/resources/case-studies/1312 http://www.hpoe.org/resources/case-studies/1312

318. Fatty-Acids-Cardiovascular-Disease Research-Protocol (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/fatty-acids-cardiovascular-disease_research-protocol.pdf
     April 02, 2015 - control studies or cross-sectional studies (but include prospective nested case control studies). … [mp=ti, ab, ot, nm, hw, kf, px, rx, ui, tx, kw, ct, sh, bt, id, cc] 75. exp case-control studies/ 76 … (case adj20 control).mp. … [mp=ti, ot, ab, nm, hw, kw, kf, px, rx, ui, an, tx, sh, ct, bt, id, cc] 42. exp case-control studies … (case adj20 control).mp.

319. Untitled (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/autism-medical-update_research-protocol.pdf
     February 16, 2016 - reports or case series). … We recognize that these study design criteria will exclude single-subject or single-case experimental … Case-Smith J, Weaver LL, Fristad MA. … online: February 16, 2016 22   8   (newspaper  article[pt]  OR  letter[pt]  OR  comment[pt]  OR  case … 2406272   7   #3  AND  #6   1919   8   (newspaper  article[pt]  OR  letter[pt]  OR  comment[pt]  OR  case

320. Gout Executive-2016 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/gout_executive-2016.pdf
     January 01, 2016 - For example, missing a case of septic arthritis can lead to joint damage and septic shock. … Prospective cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control (if needed) studies were included to address … Prospective cohort, cross- sectional, and case-control studies, as well as case series of any size and … case reports of rare adverse events, were included if they addressed Key Question 2 (adverse events … data or nonsystematic reviews (374); conference proceedings, presentations, or abstracts (11); case