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241. RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR WORK ASSIGNMENT (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/copd-anticholinergic-medicines_research.pdf
     December 01, 2009 - the introduction of tiotropium were selected for comparison using propensity scores, with the base case … Results: For 42,090 patients in the base case, the regimen of tiotropium plus inhaled corticosteroids … Third, the timeframe for identifying exposure was reduced to 90 days from 180 days in the base case. … Results We identified 135,422 patients for inclusion, of which 42,090 were included in the base case … If this is the case, our study design is not optimal for identifying risks associated with tiotropium

242. Effective Health Care (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/TND_0430_04-22-2011.pdf
     January 01, 2011 - How do we define urinary retention (base case), including those with known neurologic problems?

243. The Effect of Dietary Digestible Carbohydrate Intake on Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/risk-cardiovascular-disease.pdf
     January 01, 2023 - quasi-experimental and controlled before-and-after studies • Prospective cohort studies • Nested case-control … narrative reviews, scoping reviews, editorials, letters, or erratum), retrospective cohort studies, case … In case the included studies do not report all necessary information (e.g., methods and results), we … quasi-experimental studies, controlled before-and-after studies, prospective cohort studies, and nested case-control

244. Topic 0502 Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer NSD FINAL_SJ (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/TND-0587-131115.pdf
     March 06, 2013 - Topic 0502 Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer NSD FINAL_SJ Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Nomination Summary Document Results of Topic Select…

245. Rapid Response: Efficacy of Dental Services for Reducing Adverse Events in Those Undergoing Insertion of Implantable Cardiovascular Devices (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/rapid-response-cardio-dental.pdf
     July 01, 2023 - We excluded reports of small numbers of patients (such as case reports) and studies that reported on … Therefore, guideline writing groups identified case series, observational studies, and expert opinion … or rattus or rhesus or rodent* or sheep or simian or sow$1 or vertebrate$1 or zebrafish).ti. or ("case … report$1" or comment).ti.) (815) 12 limit 11 to english language (740) 13 12 not (case reports or … report$1" or comment).ti.) (29) 10 limit 9 to english language (27) A-3 11 10 not (case

246. Epilepsy-Medicine Surveillance (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/epilepsy-medicine_surveillance.pdf
     August 01, 2012 - As such, it is difficult to assure that the case population had the same baseline risk of an acute … The third well-conducted case control study was sponsored by Express Scripts. … studies/ 14. exp cohort studies/ 15. case control.tw. 16. … As such, it is difficult to assure that the case population had the same baseline risk of an acute … The third well-conducted case control study was sponsored by Express Scripts.

247. Epilepsy-Medicine Surveillance (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/epilepsy-medicine_surveillance.pdf
     August 01, 2012 - As such, it is difficult to assure that the case population had the same baseline risk of an acute … The third well-conducted case control study was sponsored by Express Scripts. … studies/ 14. exp cohort studies/ 15. case control.tw. 16. … As such, it is difficult to assure that the case population had the same baseline risk of an acute … The third well-conducted case control study was sponsored by Express Scripts.

248. DRN: Report 1 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/distributed-network-safety_research.pdf
     July 01, 2009 - The Network Overview and Use Case Summaries document contained background material and examples ( … The initial use case presented to stakeholders traced the activities of a comparative effectiveness … The first iteration of the use case is presented in Table 1. … Business Case Developing a persuasive business case primarily involves convincing data owners that … However, non-standard sites may arise later and these will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis.

249. Layout 1 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/recombinant-factor-viia_executive.pdf
     May 01, 2010 - The unit of analysis was any hospital “case” of rFVIIa use—defined as any application during a patient … We favored this case-based unit of analysis bcause it captures the medical decisionmaking component of … reviewer (an expert on strength of evidence grading), if necessary and this was required in only one case

250. Evidence-based Practice Center Systematic Review Protocol (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/recombinant-factor-viia_disposition-comments.pdf
     June 01, 2010 - This is emphatically not the case. … Case studies provide support for its potential use in the context of these extraordinary circumstances … Since this is not the case, this sentence should be restructured. … This is certainly the case in our practice. … Assessment of potential risks and benefits in each individual case is important.

251. Methods Guide for Medical Test Reviews Chapter 11 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-tests-genetic_methods.pdf
     July 01, 2012 - Principle 6: Evaluate case-control studies carefully for potential selection bias. … Inter-observer variability should be considered for such tests.16,27 Principle 6: Evaluate case-control … In critical appraisal of any case-control study, it is important to determine whether cases and controls … In the case of genetic studies, the geographic location of the population does not suffice. … It has been noted that many case-control studies of gene-disease associations have selected controls

252. Evidence Report on the (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/c-diff-infections_research-protocol.pdf
     May 24, 2010 - difficile spores from air samples in a United Kingdom hospital, 4 to 7 weeks after the last confirmed CDAD case

253. Evidence-based Practice Center Systematic Review Protocol (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/vte-prophyalaxis_research-protocol.pdf
     March 01, 2011 - studies o Uncontrolled case-series for devices o Case reports of device complications in the relevant … special populations o Case reports of pharmacologic therapies other than the known complications … of bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia  Case reports of efficacy  Case reports … We plan to include case series and case reports of device complications in the relevant special populations … We also plan to include case reports of pharmacologic therapies other than their known complications

254. Medication-Adherence-Interventions Executive (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medication-adherence-interventions_executive.pdf
     September 01, 2012 - or without meta- analyses • Nonrandomized controlled trials • Observational study designs • Case … studies • Time series • Before-after studies • Cross-sectional studies • Case series • Case reports … Trials showing improvement with case management and educational interventions provided some evidence … We found low or moderate strength of evidence of benefit from case 8 Ta b le B . … The case of pediatric vaccine recommendations. Med Care. 1996 Sep;34(9):873-89. PMID: 8792778. 3.

255. Carbohydrate-Intake-Prepub-Final-Research-Table-Rct (xls file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/carbohydrate-intake-prepub-final-research-table-rct.xlsx
     May 29, 2025 - numbers, random numbers table, coin toss, assigned by a remote/call center using these No: Alternation, case

256. Medical Therapies for Locally Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/gastric-cancers-protocol-amendment.pdf
     May 02, 2025 - biomarker-targeted interventions) • Published in English-language • Published in 2006 or later Case … reports, case series, commentaries, cross- sectional studies, reviews, qualitative studies Abbreviations … Case study of the comparison of data from conference abstracts and full-text articles in health technology … biological marker'/exp OR 'tumor marker'/de OR (biomarker* OR marker*):ab,ti,kw 9 ('book'/de OR 'case … proceedings OR sessions OR symposium):nc OR ((book NOT series) OR 'conference proceeding'):pt OR ('case

257. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 258_Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/diagnostic-error-executive-summary.pdf
     August 01, 2023 - • The strongest, most consistent predictors of ED diagnostic error were individual case factors … inadequate clinical knowledge, skills, or reasoning, particularly in “atypical” or otherwise subtle case

258. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medical-test-reviews-options-summarizing.ppt
     June 01, 2012 - Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this activity, successful learners will be able to recognize the case … of the imperfect reference standard, also known as the case where there is no gold standard, describe … Consult content experts on a case-by-case basis to make judgments. … This is a case of conditional dependence and is likely to result in an overestimation of the diagnostic … The task is much easier in the case of conditional independence for the results of the two tests.

259. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/medical-test-reviews-options-summarizing.ppt
     June 01, 2012 - Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this activity, successful learners will be able to recognize the case … of the imperfect reference standard, also known as the case where there is no gold standard, describe … Consult content experts on a case-by-case basis to make judgments. … This is a case of conditional dependence and is likely to result in an overestimation of the diagnostic … The task is much easier in the case of conditional independence for the results of the two tests.

260. Conducting Quantitative Synthesis when Comparing Medical Interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-quantitative-synthesis_methods.pdf
     October 01, 2010 - the invariance of treatment effects across studies and appropriateness of the chosen method on a case-by-case … Case- control studies only allow the estimation of an OR. … A special case: combining rare binary outcomes. … The unadjusted (naïve) indirect comparison method is not recommended in any case. 3. … - case basis. 5.