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41. Draft Research Plan: Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Falls and Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/vitamin-d-calcium-combined-supplementation-primary-prevention-falls-fractures-communitydwelling-adults
    January 12, 2023 - by Whitlock et al, 1 which involves identifying and assessing credibility of within-study subgroup analyses … Study populations with 20% to 50% having a known condition will be considered in sensitivity analyses

42. Archived: Evidence Summary: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening-january-2017
    January 24, 2017 - When multiple similar studies were available, random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. … Analyses were by AHI thresholds corresponding to OSA severity categories. … Thirty-four trials reported sufficient ESS data to include in meta-analyses. … Twenty-nine trials reported sufficient blood pressure data to include in meta-analyses. … Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ . 2003;327(7414):557–560. Cohen J.

43. Archived: Evidence Summary: Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Preexposure Prophylaxis | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/prevention-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-june-2019
    June 11, 2019 - Sensitivity analyses and stratified analyses were conducted on study quality, PrEP regimen, HIV risk … Stratified analyses were assessed for interactions using a test for heterogeneity across subgroups. … Findings were similar when analyses were restricted to trials that evaluated adherence based on plasma … The findings of this review are generally consistent with those from other recent meta-analyses that … Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ . 2003;327(7414):557-560. 6.

44. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Updated Modeling Study for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/MLeu_yFpPwzcZwKG6fw5ZY
    April 26, 2022 - Sensitivity analyses showed lifetime net benefits may be higher if aspirin reduced CRC incidence or CVD … All analyses compared estimated outcomes between these 2 groups. … Sensitivity Analyses Sensitivity analyses addressing uncertainty in key parameters were conducted by … Sensitivity Analyses Table 4 shows key results from the sensitivity analyses; additional results from … all sensitivity analyses are reported in eTables 8-12 in the Supplement.

45. Health Equity Framework for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/2023-12/health-equity-framework-report.pdf
    January 01, 2023 - For specific topics, a CQ reviewing existing decision analyses that evaluate the differential effect … In addition, the credibility assessment of subgroup analyses should be described in the Methods. … Data synthesis across populations, and if applicable, analyses stratified by specific populations or … In most bodies of evidence, the use of trial-level analyses to investigate differential relative or … Whether or not results for specific populations are from separate studies or subgroup analyses, an

46. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/bQNXFv9Q5uaAQvWH6B7VWV
    June 11, 2019 - Sensitivity analyses and stratified analyses were conducted on study quality, PrEP regi- men, HIV risk … Stratified analyses were assessed for interactions using a test for heterogeneity across subgroups. … Findings were similar when analyses were restricted to trials that evaluated adherence based on plasma … The findings of this review are generally consistent with those from other recent meta-analyses that … Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses.

47. Archived: Final Research Plan: Syphilis Infection in Pregnant Women: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/syphilis-infection-in-pregnancy-screening-september-2018
    August 31, 2017 - widespread screening program with historical or geographic comparator; systematic reviews and meta-analyses … ; case-control studies; diagnostic accuracy studies; large case series; systematic reviews and meta-analyses

48. Final Research Plan: Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Adolescents and Adults: Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/unhealthy-alcohol-use-adolescents-adults-behavioral-counseling-interventions
    May 16, 2024 - We will also examine selected subgroup or stratified analyses reported in the included studies to explore … Specific analyses of interest will be those stratified by race, ethnicity, sex, gender, physical and … included in interventions, added additional populations of interest for seeking study-reported subgroup analyses

49. Draft Research Plan: Tobacco Cessation in Adults: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/tobacco-cessation-adults-interventions
    February 27, 2025 - We will also examine selected subgroup analyses reported in the included studies to explore the extent … reviews that report evidence on additional tobacco cessation interventions, populations, or subgroup analyses

50. Behavioral Counseling to Promote Physical Activity and a Healthful Diet to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/bF5BNLvASN5r9EnP3VTJPN
    December 01, 2010 - Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for multiple intermediate health and behavioral outcomes. … Data Synthesis and Analysis We conducted random-effects meta-analyses to esti- mate the effect size … Analyses were stratified by estimated interven- tion intensity (low [�30 minutes], medium [between 31 … All analyses were performed by using Stata, version 10.0 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas). … Many fair-quality trials also limited analyses to persons who completed the study.

51. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Breastfeeding: Counseling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary10/breastfeeding-counseling-2008
    October 15, 2008 - In subgroup analyses, combining pre- and postnatal breastfeeding interventions had a larger effect on … Limitations:  Meta-analyses were limited by clinical and methodological heterogeneity. … We used Intercooled Stata, version 8.2 (Stata, College Station, Texas) for all analyses. … Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557-60. … , such as subgroup analyses and adjusted analyses. f Downgraded to poor quality because only 64.7% of

52. Evidence Summary: Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/low-dose-aspirin-use-for-the-prevention-of-morbidity-and-mortality-from-preeclampsia-preventive-medication
    September 28, 2021 - questions of effectiveness, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and individual participant data meta-analyses … with low τ values, sensitivity analyses with the Knapp-Hartung correction were used to adjust the standard … For rare outcomes (ie, perinatal mortality), sensitivity analyses were conducted using the Peto odds … ratio method, 23 as well as pooled analyses including and excluding studies that had no events in either … Sensitivity analyses were conducted to estimate pooled effects under more and less conservative statistical

53. Archived: Evidence Summary: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication, 2002 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/aspirin-use-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-colorectal-cancer-preventive-medication-2002
    January 15, 2002 - Statistical Analyses For individual trials, we calculated estimates of unadjusted odds ratios with … We estimated beneficial effects by using the odds ratios calculated from the meta-analyses; estimates … Analyses in all trials were by intention to treat. … The following data come primarily from subgroup analyses and should be interpreted with caution. … Effect of Study Quality on Effectiveness of Aspirin We performed an additional set of meta-analyses

54. Archived: Evidence Summary: Bleeding Risks With Aspirin Use: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-bleeding-risks-with-aspirin-use/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer-april-2016
    April 11, 2016 - Study Selection: Randomized, controlled trials; cohort studies; and meta-analyses comparing aspirin … 17 because of rare events (that is, a control group event rate <1%) and repeated analyses using the … 8 , 15 of included trials that reported harms analyses complementing our trial-level results and 4 … The point estimate and its statistical significance varied slightly between pooled analyses depending … Multivariable analyses of both trial and cohort data suggested that age, sex, and other common factors

55. Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: A Summary of the Evidence (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/xUc_vXf7323faUQY7SePhT
    January 01, 2002 - Statistical Analyses For individual trials, we calculated estimates of unadjusted odds ratios with 95% … We estimated beneficial effects by using the odds ratios calculated from the meta-analyses; estimates … Analyses in all trials were by intention to treat. … The following data come primarily from subgroup analyses and should be interpreted with caution. … Effect of Study Quality on Effectiveness of Aspirin We performed an additional set of meta-analyses

56. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Depression in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary20/depression-in-adults-screening-2009
    December 15, 2009 - Methods for incorporating systematic reviews and meta-analyses are detailed elsewhere ( Appendix Table … Similarly, for the meta-analyses of antidepressant trials included for key question 4, we calculated … Overall, these meta-analyses suggested no increase in suicide but did suggest age-related effects on … Completed Suicide None of the 7 meta-analyses supplied clear evidence that use of second-generation … We reported specific analyses of most relevance where possible.

57. Evidence Summary: Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/healthy-lifestyle-and-physical-activity-for-cvd-prevention-adults-without-known-risk-factors-behavioral-counseling
    July 26, 2022 - For intermediate health outcomes (KQ2) and behavioral outcomes (KQ3), random-effects meta-analyses were … Results of meta-regressions and subgroup analyses based on various study, population, and intervention … Considerable statistical heterogeneity ( I 2 > 90%)was present in all analyses because of wide variation … Furthermore, there was considerable statistical heterogeneity ( I 2 > 90%) present in most meta-analyses … Not all trials reporting each outcome could be included in meta-analyses given units or data reported

58. Final Evidence Summary: Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hepatitis-c-screening
    March 02, 2020 - Analyses were stratified according to DAA regimen. … For SVR, separate analyses were performed for each HCV genotype. … Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic. 11 Subgroup analyses were conducted … Stratified analyses were assessed for interactions using a test for heterogeneity across subgroups. … Meta-analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc) and RevMan version 5.3.5 (Nordic

59. Archived: Final Evidence Review: Hepatitis B in Pregnant Women: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-review48/hepatitis-b-in-pregnant-women-screening-2009
    June 15, 2009 - Selection:  For benefits of screening and newborn prophylaxis, we included systematic reviews; meta-analyses … For harms of screening, we included systematic reviews; meta-analyses; randomized, controlled trials; … For benefits of prenatal screening for HBV infection, we included randomized, controlled trials; meta-analyses … For harms of screening, we included systematic reviews; meta-analyses; randomized, controlled trials;

60. Archived: Final Research Plan: Aspirin to Prevent Cancer: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan-aspirin-to-prevent-cancer/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer-april-2016
    October 07, 2013 - prevention of cardiovascular disease (secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease for sensitivity analyses … KQs 1–5: Randomized, controlled trials Controlled clinical trials Systematic reviews and meta-analyses … 6, 7: Randomized, controlled trials Controlled clinical trials Systematic reviews and meta-analyses